During injury, monocytes are recruited from the circulation to inflamed tissues and differentiate locally into mature macrophages, with prior reports showing that cavity macrophages of the peritoneum ...and pericardium invade deeply into the respective organs to promote repair. Here we report a dual recombinase-mediated genetic system designed to trace cavity macrophages in vivo by intersectional detection of two characteristic markers. Lineage tracing with this method shows accumulation of cavity macrophages during lung and liver injury on the surface of visceral organs without penetration into the parenchyma. Additional data suggest that these peritoneal or pleural cavity macrophages do not contribute to tissue repair and regeneration. Our in vivo genetic targeting approach thus provides a reliable method to identify and characterize cavity macrophages during their development and in tissue repair and regeneration, and distinguishes these cells from other lineages.
The development and persistence of antibody secreting cells (ASC) after antigenic challenge remain inadequately understood in teleosts. In this study, intraperitoneal (ip) injection of Atlantic ...salmon (Salmo salar) with salmonid alphavirus (WtSAV3) increased the total ASC response, peaking 3–6 weeks post injection (wpi) locally in the peritoneal cavity (PerC) and in systemic lymphoid tissues, while at 13 wpi the response was only elevated in PerC. At the same time point a specific ASC response was induced by WtSAV3 in PerC and systemic tissues, with the highest frequency in PerC, suggesting a local role. Inactivated SAV (InSAV1) induced comparatively lower ASC responses in all sites, and specific serum antibodies were only induced by WtSAV3 and not by InSAV1. An InSAV1 boost did not increase these responses. Expression of immune marker genes implies a role for PerC adipose tissue in the PerC immune response. Overall, the study suggests the Atlantic salmon PerC as a secondary immune site and an ASC survival niche.
•Infection with salmonid alphavirus induced a specific IgM secreting cell response.•The local B cell response in the peritoneal cavity was pronounced and long lasting.•Gene expression suggests peritoneal adipose tissue is involved in the B cell response.•The B cell response to inactivated virus was modest or absent, also after a boost.
Surgical enlargement of the epiploic foramen in horses Wanstrath, Meghan A.; Bauck, Anje G.; Smith, Andrew D. ...
Veterinary surgery,
February 2023, 2023-Feb, 2023-02-00, 20230201, Letnik:
52, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Objective
To assess the safety and efficacy of a method for digitally enlarging the caudal aspect of the epiploic foramen (EF).
Study design
Healthy horses and clinical cases of EF entrapment (EFE).
...Animals
Fourteen healthy horses and three clinical cases.
Methods
Through a ventral midline celiotomy under general anesthesia, the EF was enlarged by digital separation of the caudal attachments of the caudate lobe of the liver from right dorsal colon, right kidney, gastropancreatic fold, and pancreas. Healthy horses were euthanized under anesthesia, and the enlarged EF was measured at necropsy.
Results
The method used for enlarging the EF did not cause clinically relevant hemorrhage, as determined by visual inspection of the EF in 14 horses at necropsy and by vital parameters under anesthesia in all horses. In clinical cases, EFE was reduced following enlargement of the EF, and no intraoperative complications were encountered. In one clinical case, necropsy at 30 days confirmed partial closure of the enlarged EF.
Conclusion
The method proposed enlarged the EF safely and effectively. Limitations of the study include the small number of clinical cases and the lack of postoperative follow‐up on the healthy horses.
Clinical significance
Enlargement of the EF at its caudal extent should be considered in selected cases of EFE in which manual reduction is difficult or protracted. Although the procedure was safe in this study, knowledge of the anatomy, practice on cadavers, and careful selection of cases with greatest need are recommended before clinical use.
Bacterial spillage into a sterile environment following intestinal hollow-organ perforation leads to peritonitis and fulminant sepsis. Outcome of sepsis critically depends on macrophage activation by ...extracellular ATP-release and associated autocrine signalling via purinergic receptors. ATP-release mechanisms, however, are poorly understood. Here, we show that TLR-2 and -4 agonists trigger ATP-release via Connexin-43 hemichannels in macrophages leading to poor sepsis survival. In humans, Connexin-43 was upregulated on macrophages isolated from the peritoneal cavity in patients with peritonitis but not in healthy controls. Using a murine peritonitis/sepsis model, we identified increased Connexin-43 expression in peritoneal and hepatic macrophages. Conditional
mice were developed to specifically assess Connexin-43 impact in macrophages. Both macrophage-specific Connexin-43 deletion and pharmacological Connexin-43 blockade were associated with reduced cytokine secretion by macrophages in response to LPS and CLP, ultimately resulting in increased survival. In conclusion, inhibition of autocrine Connexin-43-dependent ATP signalling on macrophages improves sepsis outcome.
The peritoneal cavity is a membrane-bound and fluid-filled abdominal cavity of mammals, which contains the liver, spleen, most of the gastro-intestinal tract and other viscera. It harbors a number of ...immune cells including macrophages, B cells and T cells. The presence of a high number of naïve macrophages in the peritoneal cavity makes it a preferred site for the collection of naïve tissue resident macrophages. The peritoneal cavity is also important to the study of B cells because of the presence of a unique peritoneal cavity-resident B cell subset known as B1 cells in addition to conventional B2 cells. B1 cells are subdivided into B1a and B1b cells, which can be distinguished by the surface expression of CD11b and CD5. B1 cells are an important source of natural IgM providing early protection from a variety of pathogens. These cells are autoreactive in nature, but how they are controlled to prevent autoimmunity is still not understood completely. On the contrary, CD5+ B1a cells possess some regulatory properties by virtue of their IL-10 producing capacity. Therefore, peritoneal cavity B1 cells are an interesting cell population to study because of their diverse function and many unaddressed questions associated with their development and regulation. The isolation of peritoneal cavity resident immune cells is tricky because of the lack of a defined structure inside the peritoneal cavity. Our protocol will describe a procedure for obtaining viable immune cells from the peritoneal cavity of mice, which then can be used for phenotypic analysis by flow cytometry and for different biochemical and immunological assays.
The omentum is the predominant site of ovarian cancer metastasis, but it is difficult to remove the omentum in its entirety. There is a critical need for effective approaches that minimize the risk ...of colonization of preserved omental tissues by occult cancer cells. Normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) is commonly used to wash the peritoneal cavity during ovarian cancer surgery. The omentum has a prodigious ability to absorb fluid in the peritoneal cavity, but the impact of normal saline on the omentum is poorly understood. In this review article, we discuss why normal saline is not a biocompatible solution, drawing insights from clinical investigations of normal saline in fluid resuscitation and from the cytopathologic evaluation of peritoneal washings. We integrate these insights with the unique biology of the omentum and omental metastasis, highlighting the importance of considering the absorptive ability of the omentum when administering agents into the peritoneal cavity. Furthermore, we describe insights from preclinical studies regarding the mechanisms by which normal saline might render the omentum conducive for colonization by cancer cells. Importantly, we discuss the possibility that the risk of colonization of preserved omental tissues might be minimized by using balanced crystalloid solutions for peritoneal washing.
The peritoneal cavity, a fluid-containing potential space surrounding the abdominal and pelvic organs, is home to a rich network of immune cells that maintain tissue homeostasis and provide ...protection against infection. However, under pathological conditions such as peritonitis, endometriosis, and peritoneal carcinomatosis, the peritoneal immune system can become dysregulated, resulting in nonresolving inflammation and disease progression. An enhanced understanding of the factors that regulate peritoneal immune cells under both homeostatic conditions and in disease contexts is therefore required to identify new treatment strategies for these often life-limiting peritoneal pathologies. Type I interferons (T1IFNs) are a family of cytokines with broad immunoregulatory functions, which provide defense against viruses, bacteria, and cancer. There have been numerous reports of immunoregulation by T1IFNs within the peritoneal cavity, which can contribute to both the resolution or propagation of peritoneal disease states, depending on the specifics of the disease setting and local environment. In this review, we provide an overview of the major immune cell populations that reside in the peritoneal cavity (or infiltrate it under inflammatory conditions) and highlight their contribution to the initiation, progression, or resolution of peritoneal diseases. Additionally, we will discuss the role of T1IFNs in the regulation of peritoneal immune cells, and summarize the results of laboratory studies and clinical trials which have investigated T1IFNs in peritonitis/sepsis, endometriosis, and peritoneal carcinomatosis.
Introduction
The management of hernias with loss of domain is a challenging problem. It has been shown that the volume of the incisional hernia/peritoneal volume ratio < 20% was a predictive factor ...for tension-free fascia closure, after pre-operative pneumoperitoneum preparation (Goni Moreno technique). In this study, we propose an easy, reliable and fast technique to perform volumetric calculation, by the surgeon alone.
Materials and methods
3D slicer software (free open-source software) was used to calculate with precision the intra-peritoneal and intra-hernia volumes, and to create a 3D reconstruction of both volumes. The measurement technique is described step by step using detailed figures and videos.
Results
The method was used to calculate the volumes for five consecutive patients, managed between January 2018 and March 2019. All the five patients had a ratio greater than 20% and, therefore, received a PPP program. The effectiveness of the procedure is objectified by the increase of the intraabdominal volume and the reduction of the incisional hernia/peritoneal volume ratio. The feasibility of a tension-free fascia closure was confirmed for the five patients.
Conclusion
In addition to a standardized definition of “loss of domain”, a standardized volumetric technique, easy to reproduce, needs to be adopted. Our method can be done by any surgeon with basic computer skills and radiological knowledge in an autonomous and a fast manner, thus helping to select the right technique for the right patient.
A 22-year-old G1P1 Caucasian female had hysteroscopic removal of a perforated intrauterine device during which the steroid reservoir of the intrauterine device was lost. Isolated steroid reservoirs ...are radiolucent on plain film radiography. We located the reservoir in the peritoneal cavity with magnetic resonance imaging and removed it via laparoscopy.
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