Inflow in Jatiluhur Reservoir located on the Citarum River is influenced by outflow from Cirata Reservoir and Saguling Reservoir which are above it. These three reservoirs are incorporated in the ...Citarum Cascade System Reservoir. This inflow analysis is related to the availability of water in the Jatiluhur Reservoir, which is a multi-purpose reservoir, which then becomes the mainstay of the water supply as a hydropower operation pattern. Runoff rain modeling using HEC-HMS software using data on rainfall, temperature, land cover, soil type and topography. Parameters generated from observation and modeling are coefficient of determination (R2), Nash-Stuclift (NSE), and Percent Bias (PBIAS). The results of the case study show that the parameters of the observed local inflow (R2: 0.693; NSE: 0.525; PBIAS: 9.88%) with data sources from the Jatiluhur Reservoir manager are better than the local inflow analysis results (R2: 0.533; NSE: - 0.457; PBIAS: 48.88%) with data sources from water level (TMA). Meanwhile, the total inflow of observations (R2: 0.982; NSE: 0.973; PBIAS: 1.14%) with data sources from the Jatiluhur Reservoir manager is better than the total inflow analysis results (R2: 0.932; NSE: 0.889; PBIAS: 9.43 %) with the data source from the water level (TMA).
Telah dilakukan pembuatan molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) nano karbaril dengan metode cooling-heating. Pembuatan MIP nano karbaril bertujuan untuk mendapatkan material sensor yang potensial dalam ...aplikasinya. Dalam penelitian ini, bahan aktif karbaril di-milling dengan variasi waktu 10 menit dan 15 menit. Pada proses polimerisasi melibatkan templat nano karbaril, methacrylic acid (MAA) sebagai monomer fungsional, ethylene glycol dimathacrylate (EDMA) sebagai crosslinker, benzoil peroksida (BPO) sebagai inisiator, dan acetonitril sebagai pelarut yang disintesis menggunakan metode cooling-heating. Dengan cara yang sama, non-imprinted polymer (NIP) juga dibuat sebagai polimer kontrol. NIP merupakan polimer yang dibuat dengan komposisi dan cara yang sama dengan MIP, namun tidak ditambahkan nano karbaril sebagai zat aktif. Pembuangan templat pada proses ekstraksi sangat berperan penting untuk menghasilkan material sensor yang baik. MIP, polimer, dan NIP yang dihasilkan di karakterisasi menggunakan Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) dan sampel terbaik dideteksi lebih lanjut dengan uji x-ray diffraction (X-RD), dan scanning electron microscope (SEM). Hasil FTIR menunjukkan bahwa gugus fungsi spesifik nano karbaril pada NIP tidak tampak bila dibandingkan dengan spektra MIP, dan terjadi penurunan persen transmitansi pada polimer dan peningkatan % transmitansi pada MIP. Hal ini menjelaskan bahwa terjadi penurunan konsentrasi nano karbaril pada MIP setelah proses ektraksi. Hasil X-RD menunjukkan ukuran kristal yaitu 9,16 Å. Hasil SEM menunjukkan bahwa jumlah pori tercetak dengan ukuran ≤100 nm yaitu 383 pori. Data ini mengindikasikan bahwa MIP nano karbaril potensial untuk diaplikasikan sebagai material sensor.
Upeneus guttatus and Upeneus pori are the most common Mullidae species inhabiting the Gulf of Suez and mainly caught by the trawl fisheries. Reproductive biology of the two species was studied during ...the fishing period from September, 2013 to May 2015. The monthly gonad maturity development and the monthly gonado-somatic index (GSI) sequence of U. guttatus and U. pori revealed prolonged spawning activities throughout spring and summer seasons. The sex ratio was 1:2 for the two species in favor of females; it differed statistically from the expected 1:1 (X2=65.4 in U. guttatus and 70.4 in U. pori). The length at which 50% of the population attains sexual maturity (Lm50) is 11.35±0.32 and 11.47±0.25cm for males and females respectively in U. guttatus, where it was 10.56±0.21cm in males and 10.60±0.18cm in females of U. pori. Absolute fecundity increased as the fish length and weight increases. Observed absolute fecundity ranged from 142,925±5621 to 86,940±3364 eggs for the length range of 12.0–18.0cm in U. guttatus and from 8773±560 to 71,400±3219 eggs in total lengths of 11.0–16.0cm for U. pori, with a low value of standard error ranging between 0.28% and 4.9% in both species and high correlation coefficient (R2>0.96).
The introduction of invasive exotic species can have strong ecological impacts on the native biota, with direct consequences for commercial fisheries. Feeding ecology studies are among the primary ...sources for improving predictions related to community structures, for example, by revealing potential competitive interactions between native and invasive species. We compared the stomach contents and studied diet overlaps among a native (
Mullus barbatus
) and two invasive (
Upeneus moluccensis
and
U. pori
) mullid species, collected off the coasts of the northeastern Levantine where invasive mullids have been part of the ecosystem for more than half a century. We also assessed the effect of sex, sampling period, depth and size on stomach contents. Schoener’s index indicated significant diet overlaps between
U. moluccensis
–
U. pori
and
U. moluccensis
–
M. barbatus
. Diets of
U. pori
and
M. barbatus
did not significantly overlap, which was explained by their differing depth preferences. Assessment of stomach contents showed that Crustacea, specifically Decapoda, was the main prey group across the studied mullid species. Polychaeta was also of high importance in the diet of the native
M. barbatus
, but not for the two invasive
Upeneus
species. A trophic level analysis revealed the two invasive mullids to have a higher trophic level than the native species (
U. moluccensis:
3.58,
U. pori:
3.55
versus M. barbatus:
3.38)
.
The lack of a clear separation in habitat and diet preferences documented here between native and invasive mullids may pose a risk for the persistence of the economically valuable native
M. barbatus
in the Mediterranean Sea.
The family Mullidae represents a hyoid barbel characteristic fish group of the tropical and temperate waters of all major oceans’ ichthyofauna. Despite diverse studies on their morphological ...characteristics, comparably few molecular investigations have been carried out resulting in several unresolved taxonomic puzzles. This study aimed to assess mitochondrial phylogeny and systematics of several mullid species of the western Indo-Pacific region based on partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and cytochrome b (
Cytb
) gene sequences. Phylogenetic analyses show a group of six nominal genera, in two main clades forming a monophyletic lineage. The main subclades within these clades correspond to genera as defined by morphological studies. One clade includes the species of the genus
Upeneichthys
, and the second clade includes
Mullus
,
Upeneus
,
Mulloidichthys
,
Pseudupeneus
, and
Parupeneus
. The most diverse group,
Upeneus
, consists of two subclades: (i)
U. doriae
,
U. moluccensis
,
U. subvittatus
,
U. supravittatus
, and
U. vittatus
and (ii)
U. asymmetricus
,
U. australiae
,
U. floros
,
U. heterospinus
,
U. japonicus
,
U. lombok
,
U. margarethae
,
U. pori
,
U. spottocaudalis
,
U. sundaicus
, and
U. tragula
. The range of average K2P genetic distance for COI varied from 0.1% between
U. pori
and
U. guttatus
to 25.7% between
Ps. grandisquamis
and
U. floros
. The cladogenetic pattern retrieved here almost corresponds to the mullid grouping as defined by osteological studies.
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