Rad je posvećen Marku Vipsaniju Agripi, Augustovom bliskom prijatelju i vjernom suradniku, iznimno sposobnom vojnom zapovjedniku, upravitelju i graditelju, kojemu je August mogao mnogo toga zahvaliti ...tijekom svog uspona na vlast i upravljanja državom.
Introduction. Suicide is a multidimensional problem. Observations of family history of suicide suggest the existence of a genetic vulnerability to suicidal behaviour.
Aim. Starting with a historical ...perspective, the article reviews current knowledge of a genetic vulnerability to suicidal behaviour, distinct from the genetic vulnerability to psychiatric disorders, focused on clinical and population-based studies, and findings from recent molecular genetics association studies.
Method. The review includes peer-reviewed research articles and review papers from the professional literature in English language, retrieved from PubMed/Medline and PsycINFO.
Results. The research literature confirms a existence of a genetic vulnerability to suicidal behaviour. Even though the results of individual studies are difficult to compare, genetic influences could explain up to half of the variance of the occurrence of suicide.
Conclusion. Genetic vulnerability could be a distal risk factor for suicide, which helps us to understand the occurrence of suicide among vulnerable people. Ethical implications of such vulnerability are highlighted.
Uvod. Samomor je večrazsežnostni problem. S študijami družinskih anamnez samomorilnega vedenja je bilo ugotovljeno, da bi genetska komponenta lahko vplivala na občutljivost za samomorilno vedenje.
Namen. Članek skozi zgodovinski vidik proučuje današnje poznavanje genetske ranljivosti za samomorilno vedenje, ki se razlikuje od genetske ranljivosti za psihiatrične motnje v kliničnih in populacijskih študijah ter prikazuje ugotovitve zadnjih študij molekularno genetskih raziskav.
Metoda. Strokovni pregled vključuje raziskovalne članke in poročila iz strokovne literature v angleškem jeziku, pridobljene iz PubMed/Medine in PsycINFO.
Rezultati. Pregled obstoječe strokovne literature kaže na prisotnost genetske komponente kot dejavnika tveganja za samomorilno vedenje. Čeprav je rezultate posameznih študij težko primerjati, pa lahko genetski vplivi pojasnijo tudi do polovico različnih pojavov samomorilnega vedenja.
Zaključek. Genetska ranljivost bi lahko bila distalni dejavnik tveganja za samomor, kar nam pomaga razumeti pojav samomora med osebami s tveganjem za samomorilno vedenje. S tega pogleda so zajeta tudi etična vprašanja.
This innovative book takes a look at the anthropology of kinship and the comparative study of relatedness. Kinship has historically been central to the discipline of anthropology but what sort of ...future does it have? What is the impact of recent studies of reproductive technologies, of gender, and of the social construction of science in the West? What significance does public anxiety about the family, or new family forms in the West have for anthropology's analytic strategies? The study of kinship has rested on a distinction between the 'biological' and the 'social'. But recent technological developments have made this distinction no longer self-evident. What does this imply about the comparison of kinship institutions cross-culturally? Janet Carsten gives an approachable view of the past, present, and future of kinship in anthropology, which will be of interest not just to anthropologists but to social scientists generally.
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- During fetal development an organism undergoes “critical periods” of
intensive cell division as well as the growth and maturation of ...tissues,
organs and organ systems. The fetal environment principally determines the
quality of the developmental process, while variation of conditions may lead
to a range of disorders followed by intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR).
The consequences of IUGR are long-lasting and manifest through various
metabolic and cardiovascular issues in later life. Thus, the fetal
environment prejudices the adult phenotype, while their intertwining is
elaborated with the programming concept. The most widely exploited
experimental approaches in the field of programming and IUGR effects are
maternal diet leading to offspring malnutrition, provoking stress to mother
and antenatal glucocorticoid therapy. Each of these experimental approaches
via different mechanisms leads to fetal exposure to elevated glucocorticoid
levels, which may disrupt to a great extent the physiology of the
developmental process. The aim of this study was to establish whether the
exposure of rat fetuses to synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone, during the
period between days 16 and 18 of gestation, programmed the development and
function of the pituitary-ovarian system, starting from the fetal to the
peripubertal period of life. The subject of this doctoral thesis
investigation were rat fetuses and females exposed to dexamethasone from the
16th to the 18th gestational day. During three consecutive days (16–18 days
of gestation) pregnant rat females were subcutaneously treated with
dexamethasone (Dexamethasonis phosphate – Dx, Krka, p.o., Novo Mesto)
dissolved in saline (0.9% NaCl), in doses of 1.0, 0.5 and 0.5 mg Dx/kg
b.w./day. During the same period a control group of pregnant females received
an adequate volume of saline. The offspring of pregnant rat females which
received dexamethasone (Dx) or saline (K) were sacrificed during the fetal
(19th and 21st fetal day), neonatal (5th day), infantile (16th day) and
peripubertal (38th day) period of life. Gonadotropic (FSH and LH) pituitary
cells were immunocytochemically labeled, while the ovary sections were
histologically stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Thus prepared pituitary
and ovary sections were stereologically and morphometrically analyzed using
the newCast stereological software package. The values of pituitary and ovary
volume were obtained, as well as the absolute number of FSH and LH cells,
their volume, volume density and numerical density. FSH and LH blood levels
were biochemically (RIA) determined. Besides volume, the absolute numbers of
healthy and degenerated cells in the fetal ovary were determined, while the
numbers of healthy and atretic primordial, primary, secondary and antral
follicles as well as corpora lutea were determined in the postnatal female
ovaries. The obtained data were statistically processed. Intrauterine
exposure to dexamethasone caused IUGR, manifested with significantly (p<0.05)
decreased body weight of 21 days old fetuses, but a significant (p<0.05)
decrease of the same parameter was also observed during the postnatal period.
Pituitary and its adeno- fraction volumes were significantly (p<0.05)
decreased in the fetal, neonatal, infantile and peripubertal period of life.
Compared to the controls, the analyzed stereological parameters demonstrated
the same pattern of changes in both FSH and LH cells in the female rats
exposed in utero to dexamethasone. Thus, the number of gonadotropic cells was
significantly (p<0.05) decreased starting from the fetal, during the
neonatal, infantile to the peripubertal period of life, while their volume
was significantly (p<0.05) decreased only at fetal day 19. The volume and
numerical density of gonadotropic cells were significantly (p<0.05) decreased
in neonatal and infantile periods of life. Compared to the controls, the FSH
and LH blood levels were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in neonatal,
infantile and peripubertal periods of life in the female rats exposed in
utero to dexamethasone. After intrauterine exposure to dexamethasone, the
ovary volume was significantly (p<0.05) decreased in all the examined periods
of life, compared to the control values. Female rat ovary, in the fetal
period of development, does not have a definitive histological organization;
therefore the presence of healthy and degenerated germinative cells, as well
as somatic cells can be observed. Quantification of germinative cells showed
that, in the ovaries of 19 days old fetuses, dexamethasone caused a
significant (p<0.05) increase in degenerated cells number at the expense of
the healthy germinative cells pool, while the total number of germinative
cells was not changed in comparison with the controls. In the ovaries of 21
days old fetuses, dexamethasone caused a significant (p<0.05) decrease of
germinative cells total number, as well as a significant (p<0.05) decrease of
healthy and increase of degenerated cells number. In the ovaries of 5 and 16
days old female rats exposed in utero to dexamethasone the same categories of
healthy and atretic follicles were present as in the controls, i.e.
primordial, primary and secondary follicles, but in a significantly (p<0.05)
reduced number. Unlike the control, peripubertal female ovaries which possess
corpora lutea are still missing in the ovaries of peripubertal females
exposed in utero to dexamethasone. The number of healthy primordial and
primary follicles was significantly (p<0.05) decreased, while the number of
the analyzed categories of healthy and atretic secondary and antral follicles
was significantly (p<0.05) increased, compared to the control values. The
results of this study definitely indicate that the reproductive potential of
females exposed in utero to dexamethasone is decreased, while their sexual
maturation is delayed. Considering that dexamethasone realized its effects at
the crucial moment of pituitary and ovary development during the fetal
period, the changes caused are permanent, and determine substantially the
quality of female reproductive life. Such a result is very important and is
applicable in human medicine, since the elaborated conditions are entwined
with the everyday life of the modern woman and future mother.- Tokom fetalnog razvića organizam prolazi kroz “kritične periode”, tokom kojih
se dešavaju intenzivne ćelijske deobe, razvijanje i sazrevanje tkiva, organa
i organskih sistema. Sredina u kojoj fetus raste i razvija se u velikoj meri
određuje kvalitet razvojnog procesa, a svaka promena uslova dovodi do čitavog
niza poremećaja, koji mogu biti praćeni smanjenjem fetalnog rasta ili IUGR
(eng. Intrauterine growth retardation). Posledice IUGR su dugotrajne i
ispoljavaju se u vidu različitih metaboličkih i kardiovaskularnih oboljenja u
kasnijem životu. Fetalno okruženje na taj način određuje adultni fenotip, a
njihova povezanost proučava se u okviru koncepta programiranja. Najčešće
korišćeni eksperimentalni pristupi u proučavanju programiranja i efekta IUGR
su dijeta majke koja vodi pothranjenosti, izazivanje stresne reakcije kod
majke ili primena antenatalne terapije glukokortikoidima. Svaki od ovih
eksperimentalnih modela različitim mehanizmima dovodi do izlaganja fetusa
povećanoj koncentraciji glukokortikoida, koji u velikoj meri mogu da poremete
fiziološki tok razvojnog procesa. Cilj ove studije je bio da se ustanovi da
li je izlaganje fetusa pacova od 16. do 18.dana gestacije sintetičkom
glukokortikoidu deksametazonu programiralo razvoj i funkciju
hipofizno-ovarijalnog sistema od fetalnog do peripubertalnog perioda života.
Predmet istraživanja u ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji bili su fetusi i ženke
pacova koje su od 16. do 18. dana gestacije izloženi deksametazonu. Gravidne
ženke pacova su tri uzastopna dana (od 16. do 18. dana gestacije) subkutano
tretirane deksametazonom (Dexamethasonis phosphat - Dx, Krka, p.o., Novo
Mesto) rastvorenom u fiziološkom rastvoru (0.9% NaCl), u dozi od 1.0, 0.5 i
0.5 mg Dx/kg t.m./dan. Kontrolna grupa gravidnih ženki primala je u istom
periodu, adekvatnu zapreminu fiziološkog rastvora. Potomci gravidnih ženki
koje su primale deksametazon (Dx), odnosno fiziološki rastvor (K) žrtvovani
su u fetalnom (19. i 21. fetalni dan), neonatalnom (5. dan), infantilnom (16.
dan) i peripubertalnom (38. dan) periodu života. Za obeležavanje
gonadotropnih (FSH i LH) ćelija hipofize korišćeno je imunocitohemijsko
bojenje, dok su preseci jajnika bojeni histološkim bojenjem hematoksilin &
eozin. Obojeni preseci hipofiza i jajnika stereološki i morfometrijski su
analizirani, uz pomoć newCast stereološkog softverskog paketa. Dobijene su
vrednosti volumena hipofize i jajnika, kao i apsolutni broj FSH i LH ćelija,
njihov volumen, volumenska i numerička gustina. Koncentracija FSH i LH u
cirkulaciji odrenena je biohemijskom RIA metodom. Pored volumena, u fetalnom
jajniku odrenen je i apsolutni broj zdravih i degenerisanih germinativnih
ćelija, a u jajniku ženki u postnatalnom periodu broj zdravih i atretičnih
primordijalnih, primarnih, višeslojnih i antralnih folikula, kao i broj žutih
tela. Dobijeni rezultati su statistički obraneni. Intrauterino izlaganje
deksametazonu izazvalo je IUGR (eng. intrauterine growth retardation) koje se
manifestuje značajno smanjenom (p<0.05) telesnom masom kod fetusa starih 21
dan, a značajno smanjenje (p<0.05) telesne mase zabeleženo je i u
postnatalnim periodima Volumen hipofize i adenohipoze značajno su smanjeni
(p<0.05) u fetalnom, neonatalnom, infantilnom i peripubertalnom periodu
života. Analizirani stereološki parametri su se po istom obrascu menjali i
kod FSH i kod LH ćelija, kod ženki pacova intrauterino izloženih
deksametazonu u odnosu na kontrolu. Tako je broj gonadotropnih ćelija
značajno smanjen (p<0.05) od fetalnog, preko neonatalnog, infantilnog do
peripubertalnog perioda života, a volumen je značajno smanjen (p<0.05) samo
19
Ciljevi ovog pokusa bili su usporediti različite pokazatelje tolerantnosti na sušu za predviđanje tolerantnosti na sušu i procijeniti trideset potomaka zrnatog amaranta (Amaranthus spp.) na ...tolerantnost na sušu primjenom nekoliko pokazatelja tolerantnosti na sušu. Sjeme trideset (30) potomaka zrnatog amaranta sakupljeno u Nacionalnom poljoprivrednom istraživačkom institutu (NIHORT) u Ibadanu selekcionirano je 2011. godine u Selekcijskom centru NIHORT-a. Sjeme je uzgajano u rasadniku tri tjedna i zatim presađeno u polietilenske vreće. Uveden je vodeni stres 4, 6 i 8 tjedana nakon presađivanja (WAT), a kontrola je provedena u 100% terenskim uvjetima. Pokus je bio potpuno randomiziran plan (CRD) postavljen u faktorijalnom rasporedu
4 x 30 u tri ponavljanja. Upotrijebljeni su agronomski podaci i pokazatelji tolerantnosti na sušu za procjenu performance zrna amaranta. Obavljena je analiza varijance (ANOVA) da se ustanovi značajan učinak (P< 0,05 F-test) postupaka na uzete parametre, odijeljene su značajne srednje vrijednosti primjenom standardne pogreške srednje vrijednosti u t-testovima nakon ANOV-e. Rezultat pokusa je pokazao da je zrnati amarant pod stresom od 4 i 6 WAT-a uginuo prije dozrijevanja, stres od vode znatno (P>0,05) je smanjio visinu biljke, te broj listova i grančica amaranta. Amarant je u terenskim uvjetima dao značajno (P<0,05) veći prinos sjemena od amaranta pod stresom od 8 WAT-a (54 odnosno 25 gbiljaka-1) Prinos sjemena bio je u znatnoj pozitivnoj korelaciji s duljinom korijena (r=0,86++), suhom težinom izdanka (r=0,79**), STI (r=0,96**, GMP (re=0,97** i HM(r=0,95**), ali ne sa SSI. Analiza klastera je pokazala da su potomci imali tendenciju kategorizacije u tri skupine na razini 96% sličnosti, potomci AMES 5647, PI576464, PI576483 i PI576483 imali su najviši STI, GMP, MP, HM i prema tome su smatrani najpoželjnijim klasterom u oba uvjeta. U zaključku, ovaj je rad pokazao da se selekcija na tolerantnost na sušu može temeljiti na STI, GMP, MP i HM na osnovi njihove značajne pozitivne korelacije s prinosom zrna.
Članak analizira sudjelovanje potomaka hrvatskih iseljenika u političkom životu čileanske
regije Magallanes i čileanske Antarktike više od stoljeća nakon njihovog dolaska u Regiju. U
fokusu su ...istraživanja potomci iseljenika kao kandidati za položaje načelnika i članova općinskih
vijeća u deset općina Regije na izborima u periodu od 1992. do 2012. godine. Analiza
obuhvaća učešće Hrvata u odnosu na ostale kandidate po općinama, njihove izborne rezultate,
pripadnost različitim političkim strankama i izbornim paktovima kao i participaciju žena.
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Potomci Jurkovih z Marjanko in Pavletom pred Tončkovim domom.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction ...under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
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