Economic aspects of obesity prevention Cecchini, Michele; Sassi, Franco
Bilten : ekonomika, organizacija, informatika v zdravstvu,
01/2011, Letnik:
27, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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Governments in OECD countries have intervened in a variety of ways to improve diets, increase physical activity and tackle obesity in recent years. The preventive interventions assessed in this ...analysis are drawn from the most commonly used approaches, including: health education and health promotion (mass media campaigns, school-based interventions, worksite interventions); regulation and fiscal measures (fiscal measures altering the prices of healthy and unhealthy foods, regulation of food advertising to children and mandatory nutrition labelling); and, counselling of individuals at risk in primary care. This report examines the characteristics, the costs and the relative success of each approach in improving health outcomes and social disparities in health, with specific reference to the European context.
V zadnjih letih so vlade držav OECD (Organizacije za gospodarsko sodelovanje in razvoj) posredovale na različne načine, da bi izboljšale prehranjevanje, spodbudile povečanje telesne dejavnosti v boju proti debelosti. Preventivni ukrepi, ocenjeni v tej analizi, so sestavljeni iz naslednjih najpogosteje uporabljenih pristopov: zdravstvena vzgoja in promocija zdravja (akcije javnega obveščanja, v šolah in na delovnem mestu), pravna ureditev in fiskalni ukrepi (fiskalni ukrepi spreminjajo cene zdrave in nezdrave hrane, urejajo oglaševanje hrane za otroke in predpisujejo obvezno označevanje hranilne vrednosti) ter svetovanje posameznikom, ki sodijo v bolj izpostavljene skupine, na ravni primarnega zdravstva. Prispevek preučuje lastnosti, stroške in relativni uspeh vsakega pristopa pri izboljšanju zdravstvenih rezultatov in socialnih razlik v zdravju s posebnim poudarkom na evropsko okolje.
Available Open Access under CC-BY-NC licence. The extent of violence against women is currently hidden. How should violence be measured? How should research and new ways of thinking about violence ...improve its measurement? Could improved measurement change policy? The book is a guide to how the measurement of violence can be best achieved. It shows how to make femicide, rape, domestic violence, and FGM visible in official statistics. It offers practical guidance on definitions, indicators and coordination mechanisms. It reflects on theoretical debates on ‘what is gender’, ‘what is violence’, and ‘the concept of coercive control’. and introduces the concept of ‘gender saturated context’. Analysing the socially constructed nature of statistics and the links between knowledge and power, it sets new standards and guidelines to influence the measurement of violence in the coming decades.
Objectives: Research identifying reliable and country-specific predictors of smoking is needed in order to develop effective adolescent smoking prevention programmes. The objective of this study was ...to assess the cognitive and socio-demographic factors associated with smoking onset among Romanian teenagers, using both cross-sectional and longitudinal data.
The data were obtained from a two-wave, one-year longitudinal study carried out among 316 senior high school non-smokers from Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Questionnaires assessed smoking behaviour, attitudes, social influence, self-efficacy and intention regarding smoking (motivational variables) as well as different sociodemographic features.
The cross-sectional analyses showed that socio-demographics and motivational variables were strongly associated with smoking behaviour; the explained variance was 76%. The longitudinal analyses revealed that four variables explained 33% of the variance in change of status from non-smoking to regular smoking over a period of one year. Regular smoking onset after one year was predicted by baseline low self-efficacy in refraining from smoking in different situations, having more smoking friends and playing truant from school. Having a brother was a protective factor.
The results suggest that smoking prevention programmes in Romania should strengthen self-efficacy beliefs and resistance against peer modelling and help Romanian young people to develop skills and action plans to cope with pressure to smoke and challenging situations.
Namen: Za razvoj učinkovitih programov za preprečevanje kajenja med mladostniki je potrebna raziskava, ki bi opredelila zanesljive dejavnike začetka kajenja, značilne za posamezno državo. Cilj te študije je bil oceniti kognitivne in socialno-demografske dejavnike, povezane z začetkom kajenja med romunskimi mladostniki, in sicer na podlagi presečnih in vzporedno primerljivih podatkov.
Podatki so bili pridobljeni z enoletno študijo, ki je vzporedno potekala v dveh vejah in je vključevala 316 dijakov zadnjih letnikov, ki niso kadili, iz romunskega mesta Cluj-Napoca. Z vprašalniki so se ocenjevali kadilsko vedenje, odnos do kajenja, družbeni vpliv, samoučinkovitost in namera v povezavi s kajenjem (motivacijske spremenljivke) ter razni socialno-demografski podatki.
Analiza presečnih podatkov je pokazala, da so bile socialno-demografske in motivacijske spremenljivke močno povezane s kadilskim vedenjem; navedena varianca je bila 76-odstotna. Analiza vzporedno primerljivih podatkov pa je razkrila, da so štiri spremenljivke pojasnile 33 odstotkov variance v spremembi statusa od nekadilca do rednega kadilca, in to v obdobju enega leta. Začetna nizka samoučinkovitost pri vzdržnosti od kajenja v različnih situacijah, večje število prijateljev kadilcev in izostajanje od pouka so nakazovali začetek rednega kajenja po enem letu. Pri mladostnikih/-cah, ki imajo brata, se je ta sorodstvena vez pokazala kot zaščitni dejavnik.
Izsledki kažejo, da bi morali programi za preprečevanje kajenja v Romuniji okrepiti prepričanje o samoučinkovitosti in upiranje vzorčnemu vedenju med vrstniki ter pomagati mladim v Romuniji razviti sposobnosti in načine ukrepanja, s katerimi bodo lahko obvladovali pritiske, ki jih napeljujejo h kajenju, in druge zahtevne situacije
Among free living animals in Slovenia, wild boar (Sus scrofa) damages agricultural land by rooting and primarily by directly feeding on open fields. In some areas of Slovenia this large wildlife ...animal causes more than 50% of all estimated damage to cultivated plants grown on arable and forage fields. Many techniques for controlling wild boar and preventing damage are known, but none of them is optimal. In a trial for preventing wild boar ingress into maize fields different designs of electric fence system were used. The trial in which we used an electric fence to prevent wild boar from entering a maize field was erected in the area of Šmihel near Postojna (Slovenia). We decided to erect the electric fence at the end of July, after the fertilization of the maize. The following designs of electric fence systems were used: 1) a plastic post with a polywire and two polytapes with spacings of 15, 15, and 30 cm between them; 2) a plastic post with polywire and a polytape with spacings 25 and 25 cm between them; 3) a steal post as a wire offset in an inverted L shape on which three screws on rod insulators were fixed at a height of 15, 30, and 55 cm from the ground. A polytape at a height of 30 cm acted as depth and it was a so-called three-dimensional design of electric fence. No breaks through fencing were observed until the harvesting time of the maize for silage, although boar tracks on the outside of the fenced field were observed. Damage to arable fields in the vicinity of the protected field was also recorded.
Divji prašič (Sus scrofa) je v Sloveniji pomembna prostoživeča vrsta. Škodo povzroča na kmetijskih zemljiščih, in sicer z ritjem in neposrednim hranjenjem. Na nekaterih območjih Slovenije predstavlja škoda po divjem prašiču več kot 50 % vse s strani kmetov prijavljene škode. Ta je vezana tako na gojene kot samonikle rastline, namenjene za živež ali živalsko krmo. Za preprečevanje škode po divjem prašiču na poljščinah je znanih več načinov; ti pogosto niso dovolj učinkoviti, so predragi ali moteči pri oskrbi poljščin. Za preprečevanje vdora divjega prašiča na koruzno njivo smo v našem poskusu uporabili začasno elektroograjo. Na območju Šmihela pri Postojni je bil izveden poskus varovanja posevka (silažne) koruze pred divjim prašičem od konca julija (zadnje dognojevanje) do spravila pridelka. Uporabljene so bile naslednje tri postavitve začasne elektroograje: 1) plastični količek z elektrovrvico in dvema elektrotrakoma z razmiki 15,15 in 30 cm, 2) plastični količek z elektrovrvico in elektrotrakom z razmikoma 25 in 25 cm, in 3) železni količek v obliki distančnika (številke 7) in višino vrvice/trakov 15, 30 in 55 cm. Elektrotrak pri slednji postavitvi je na višini 30 cm deloval kot globina oziroma tretja dimenzija. Med poskusom vse do spravila pridelka ni prišlo do vdora divjih prašičev na ograjeni del zemljišča. Na zunanji strani ograje so bile opazne sledi divjega prašiča. Škoda zaradi preučevanega škodljivca je bila ugotovljena na sosednjih njivah, ki niso bile varovane.
Although theoretically very effective and apparently quite straightforward, cardiovascular prevention leaves much to be desired in practice. Several reasons, including ethical, conceptual, ...psychological, and operative pitfalls (lifestyle changes are mostly ignored; drug therapy is too often prescribed with no good reason, and performed in an episodic or on/off way) are presented in this essay. Discussed are the grounds of these aberrations and suggested are some intuitive solutions, best achievable in family practice.
Preprečevanje srčno-žilnih bolezni je teoretično zelo učinkovito in na videz precej enostavno, vendar pa je treba v praksi na tem področju še marsikaj storiti. Prispevek opisuje razloge takšnega stanja, tj. etične, konceptualne in psihološke dejavnike ter težave pri izvajanju. Zdravljenje z zdravili prevečkrat predpišemo brez pravega razloga, poteka pa občasno in neredno. Prispevek obravnava vzroke teh slabosti in predlaga nekaj rešitev, ki jih najlaže ponudi družinska medicina.
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