The main features of the just society, as they would be chosen by the unanimous, impartial, and fully informed judgment of its members, present a remarkable and simple meaningful structure. In this ...society, individuals' freedom is fully respected, and overall redistribution amounts to an equal sharing of individuals' different earnings obtained by the same limited 'equalization labour'. The concept of equalization labour is a measure of the degree of community, solidarity, reciprocity, redistribution, and equalization of the society under consideration. It is determined by a number of methods presented in this 2005 study, which also emphasizes the rationality, meanings, properties, and ways of practical implementation of this optimum distribution. This result is compared with the various distributive principles found in practice and in political, philosophical, and economic thinking, with the conclusion that most have their proper specific scope of application. The analytical presentation of the social ethics of economics is particularly enlightening.
The must-have new edition of the classic book-and-poster set, based on the most recent census data, depicting who owns what, who makes how much, who works where, and who lives with whomGenerations of ...teachers, union organizers, and activists have relied on this book-and-poster set, originally published in 1979, to illustrate the magnitude of America's growing economic divide. Today, income inequality is at an all-time high, and this completely updated eighth edition, drawn from the 2020 Current Population Survey of the U.S. Census, brings together fresh primary data to provide a clear picture of the U.S. social structure and the considerable demographic and economic changes of the past four decades.Folded inside the companion booklet, the removable poster depicts color-coded figures that make it possible to compare social groups at a glance and to understand how income distribution relates to race, sex, education, and occupation. With charts and careful explanations, the booklet contextualizes and expands on the poster.Rose's graphic depiction of the census data makes clear at a glance complex concepts, including the way recent economic growth has been skewed toward the wealthiest households, that a gender gap persists in the workplace, and that, on average, African Americans and Latinos still earn far less than other Americans. This new edition of a uniquely visual depiction of American society will be an essential resource and a touchstone for the current debates over education, inequality, poverty, and jobs in our country.
Labour markets in North America and Europe have changed tremendously in the face of increased globalisation and technical progress, raising important challenges for policy makers concerned with ...equality of opportunity. Originally published in 2004, this book examines the influence of both changes in income inequality and of social policies on the degree to which economic advantage is passed on between parents and children in the rich countries. Standard theoretical models of generational dynamics are extended to examine generational income and earnings mobility over time and across space. Over twenty contributors from North America and Europe offer comparable estimates of the degree of mobility, changes in mobility, and the impact of government policy. In so doing, they strengthen the analytical tool kit used in the study of generational mobility, and offer insights for research and directions in dealing with equality of opportunity and child poverty.
Within-country income inequality has risen since the early 1980s in most of the OECD, all transitional, and many developing countries. More recently, inequality has risen also in India and nations ...affected by the Asian crisis. Altogether, over the last twenty years, inequality worsened in 70 per cent of the 73 countries analysed in this volume, with the Gini index rising by over five points in half of them. In several cases, the Gini index follows a U-shaped pattern, with the turn-around point located between the late 1970s and early 1990s. Where the shift towards liberalization and globalization was concluded, the right arm of the U stabilized at the 'steady state level of inequality' typical of the new policy regime, as observed in the UK after 1990. Mainstream theory focusing on rises in wage differentials by skill caused by either North-South trade, migration, or technological change poorly explains the recent rise in income inequality. Likewise, while the traditional causes of income polarization-high land concentration, unequal access to education, the urban bias, the 'curse of natural resources'-still account for much of cross-country variation in income inequality, they cannot explain its recent rise. This volume suggests that the recent rise in income inequality was caused to a considerable extent by a policy-driven worsening in factorial income distribution, wage spread and spatial inequality. In this regard, the volume discusses the distributive impact of reforms in trade and financial liberalization, taxation, public expenditure, safety nets, and labour markets. The volume thus represents one of the first attempts to analyse systematically the relation between policy changes inspired by liberalization and globalization and income inequality. It suggests that capital account liberalization appears to have had-on average-the strongest disequalizing effect, followed by domestic financial liberalization, labour market deregulation, and tax reform. Trade liberalization had unclear effects, while public expenditure reform often had positive effects. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/economicsfinance/0199271410/toc.html Contributors to this volume - Prof. Tony Addison Deputy Director World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER) Prof. Anthony B. Atkinson Warden, Nuffield College, Oxford University Prof. Michael Carter BASIS Director Dept. of Agricultural and Applied Economics University of Wisconsin-Madison Prof. Daniele Checchi Facolta di Scienze Statistiche Universita degli Studi di Milano Bicocca Dr. Ke-young Chu Dept. of Economics Wesleyan University Prof. Giovanni Andrea Cornia Department of Economics University of Florence Dr. Hamid Davoodi International Monetary Fund Dr. Rahul Dhumale Senior Economist Federal Reserve Bank USA Prof. Robert Eastwood School of Social Sciences University of Sussex Dr. Sanjeev Gupta Chief of Expenditure Policy Division, Fiscal Affairs Department IMF Prof. Isra Sarntisart Faculty of Economics Chulalongkorn University Thailand Dr. Carolyn Jenkins Research Associate Centre for the Study of African Economies University of Oxford Prof. Raghbendra Jha Executive Director, Australia South Asia Research Centre Australian National University Dr. Sampsa Kiiski Helsinki, Finland Prof. Michael Lipton Poverty Research Unit University of Sussex UK Dr. Sanjay G. Reddy Dept. of Economics Barnard College Columbia University Prof. Francisco Rodriguez C. Chief Economist, Venezuelan National Assembly Dr. Catherine Saget Employment Sector International Labour Organisation Prof. Ajit Singh Senior Fellow, Queens' College Cambridge University Prof. Lance Taylor Arnhold Professor of International and Cooperation and Development New School University New York Dr. Lynne Thomas Centre for Research into Economics and Finance in Southern Africa London School of Economics Prof. Rolph van der Hoeven Employment Sector International Labour Organisation Prof. A. Erinc Yeldan Department of Economics Bilkent University Turkey
In recent years, prominent scholars, public intellectuals, and
politicians have advocated reforming America's economic model to
embrace "common-good capitalism." Catholic social teaching is a
major ...influence on this movement. Is common-good capitalism
compatible with the historical American commitments to private
property rights and ordered liberty? What resources from Catholic
social teaching can help orient free enterprise towards the common
good? This book is the first scholarly inquiry into these exciting
new questions. We can better understand common-good capitalism by
exploring the political economy of distributism. Formulated in the
early 20th century by prominent Catholic intellectuals such as
Hilaire Belloc and G.K. Chesterton, distributism emphasizes the
importance of widely dispersed property ownership for human
flourishing. Distributist thinkers, opposed both to capitalism and
socialism, sought a humane approach to politics and economics that
reflected the truths of Catholic social teaching. Some of the
distributists' claims about markets and government must be revised
in light of contemporary social science. Nevertheless, their
political-economic vision contains profound truths about the human
condition, which social scientists would be unwise to ignore.
Distributism's insights about the nature of liberty and the social
foundations of human dignity can improve ongoing conversations
among economists, political scientists, and philosophers. The
Political Economy of Distributism explores distributism both
as a research program and a blueprint for political-economic
reform. As many are reconsidering the relationship between markets
and government, this timely book demonstrates the perennial
relevance of the Catholic intellectual tradition to public affairs.
Academics, public servants, policy experts, and concerned citizens
can all benefit from this timely study of common-good capitalism's
prospects.
Global inequality Milanovic, Branko
2016, 20160411, 2016-04-11
eBook, Book
"One of the world's leading economists of inequality, Branko Milanovic presents a bold new account of the dynamics that drive inequality on a global scale. Drawing on vast data sets and cutting-edge ...research, he explains the benign and malign forces that make inequality rise and fall within and among nations. He also reveals who has been helped the most by globalization, who has been held back, and what policies might tilt the balance toward economic justice.; Global Inequality takes us back hundreds of years, and as far around the world as data allow, to show that inequality moves in cycles, fueled by war and disease, technological disruption, access to education, and redistribution. The recent surge of inequality in the West has been driven by the revolution in technology, just as the Industrial Revolution drove inequality 150 years ago. But even as inequality has soared within nations, it has fallen dramatically among nations, as middle-class incomes in China and India have drawn closer to the stagnating incomes of the middle classes in the developed world. A more open migration policy would reduce global inequality even further.; Both American and Chinese inequality seems well entrenched and self-reproducing, though it is difficult to predict if current trends will be derailed by emerging plutocracy, populism, or war. For those who want to understand how we got where we are, where we may be heading, and what policies might help reverse that course, Milanovic's compelling explanation is the ideal place to start." (Publisher's text, IAB-Doku); Contents: 1. The Rise of the Global Middle Class and Global Plutocrats; 2. Inequality within Countries: Introducing Kuznets Waves to Explain Long-Term Trends in Inequality; 3. Inequality among Countries: From Karl Marx to Frantz Fanon, and Then Back to Marx?; 4. Global Inequality in This Century and the Next; 5. What Next? Ten Short Reflections on the Future of Income Inequality and Globalization;.
The Theory of Taxation and Public Economics presents a unified conceptual framework for analyzing taxation--the first to be systematically developed in several decades. An original treatment of the ...subject rather than a textbook synthesis, the book contains new analysis that generates novel results, including some that overturn long-standing conventional wisdom. This fresh approach should change thinking, research, and teaching for decades to come.
Scholars have charged population growth with lowering aggregate income per capita, depleting natural resources, reducing the quality of the environment, and causing more unequal distribution of ...income. Maintaining that the order of these concerns should be reversed, Peter H. Lindert emphasizes the tendency of higher fertility and population growth to heighten economic inequalities. His analysis also improves our knowledge of the ways in which economic developments affect fertility.
The author develops an integrated model of fertility behavior featuring an original way of defining and measuring the relative cost of an extra child. U.S. fertility patterns in the twentieth century, he shows, are partially explained by the interplay of a model of intergenerational taste formation and fluctuation in relative child costs. His reinterpretation of patterns in the inequality of schooling and income in America highlights the role of fertility and other demographic forces. From the author's analysis it appears that concern over rapid population growth is more justified on income-distribution grounds than on grounds of effects on average per capita income. In showing that this is so, Professor Lindert describes how families' use of time has changed since the late nineteenth century.
Originally published in 1978.
ThePrinceton Legacy Libraryuses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Racism and discrimination have choked economic opportunity for African Americans at nearly every turn. At several historic moments, the trajectory of racial inequality could have been altered ...dramatically. But neither Reconstruction nor the New Deal nor the civil rights struggle led to an economically just and fair nation. Today, systematic inequality persists in the form of housing discrimination, unequal education, police brutality, mass incarceration, employment discrimination, and massive wealth and opportunity gaps. Economic data indicates that for every dollar the average white household holds in wealth the average black household possesses a mere ten cents. This compelling and sharply argued book addresses economic injustices head-on and make the most comprehensive case to date for economic reparations for U.S. descendants of slavery. Using innovative methods that link monetary values to historical wrongs, William Darity Jr. and A. Kirsten Mullen assess the literal and figurative costs of justice denied in the 155 years since the end of the Civil War and offer a detailed roadmap for an effective reparations program, including a substantial payment to each documented U.S. black descendant of slavery. This new edition features a new foreword addressing the latest developments on the local, state, and federal level and considering current prospects for a comprehensive reparations program.
As events highlight deep divisions in attitudes between America and Europe, this is a very timely study of different approaches to the problems of domestic inequality and poverty. Based on careful ...and systematic analysis of national data, the authors describe just how much the two continents differ in their level of State engagement in the redistribution of income. Discussing various possible economic explanations for the difference, they cover different levels of pre-tax income, openness, and social mobility; they survey politico-historical differences such as the varying physical size of nations, their electoral and legal systems, and the character of their political parties, as well as their experiences of war; and they examine sociological explanations, which include different attitudes to the poor and notions of social responsibility. Most importantly, they address attitudes to race, calculating that attitudes to race explain half the observed difference in levels of public redistribution of income. This important and provocative analysis will captivate academic and serious lay readers in economics and welfare systems.
