The development of mining and other resource-based industries are among key drivers of economic development in the Arctic. The fragile environment and the presence of nature-based livelihoods and ...indigenous communities pose challenges for mining development. Mining operations should be optimized so that the profitability is maintained in changing market conditions and to meet increasing societal and environmental demands. In this study we present the current understanding on the interplay between mining and the surrounding socio-ecological systems in the Arctic region. The existing academic literature on the Arctic region was reviewed, covering 127 peer-reviewed publications since 2000. We investigated the mining activities from four perspectives examining: 1) environmental, 2) economic, 3) social and 4) legal dimensions, covering three life-cycle stages: 1) pre-mining, 2) mining, and 3) post-mining. The publications on the environmental and economic aspects focused principally on the impacts of mining, whereas social and legal publications discussed the interaction between people and their rights and ways of controlling their environment. Besides the need for more balanced research between different life-cycle stages we uncovered five research gaps concerning the knowledge base needed to increase the sustainability of Arctic mining: 1) impacts and adaptation to climate change, 2) monitoring the sustainability of mining using standardized indicators, 3) holistic economic assessment of mining, 4) social sustainability and conflict management, and 5) mechanisms that mitigate or compensate for the adverse effects of mining on biodiversity.
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•We review 127 publications on the impacts of mining in the Arctic region.•Socioeconomic impacts of mining differ for frontier and developed regions.•Environmental impacts of mining are negative and often long-term.•Present mechanisms may not sufficiently regulate the long-term impacts of mining.•The knowledge base for sustainable mining can be increased in five research areas.
This article explores the issue of scale in the social licence to operate (SLO) which, to date, is understudied. The community-company relationship is the original, and still predominant, ...conceptualization of the term with the less tangible society-industry relationship still not typically in focus. Although the literature distinguishes between community and societal scales, there is no research on why the distinction is important, how the two scales are integrated or whether they interact with and influence one another. Exploring scale in SLO is important for theoretical clarification of the concept, for better empirical understanding of the role mining plays in host localities and the broader society and for the potential to incentivize industry toward more responsible and sustainable practices. Europe's multi-layered governance structure combined with its push for more domestic mining activities provides an ideal crucible for debates of scale to play out. To investigate the community and societal scales in the European context within a single study, three main research questions guide the work: how do orientations toward SLO differ at the community and societal scales; how do these orientations influence the acceptance of mining at both scales; and how do these orientations interact and influence one another? Through quantitative analyses, we found that site level factors tend to be important predictors for local communities and more distant society, but broader societal benefits and costs are not important predictors at the local community scale, and are only significant at the societal scale in combination with local factors.
•Orientations toward SLO differ at the community and societal scales.•Site level factors tend to be important predictors for local communities and more distant society.•Broader societal benefits and costs are not important predictors at the local community scale.•Broader societal benefits are only significant at the societal scale in combination with local factors.
•Corporations’ environment is increasingly characterized by polarization on a variety of issues.•Corporations are increasingly pressured to speak out and take a stance on social issues.•Following ...political advocacy, corporations should renew their legitimacy in issue arenas.
Societies are increasingly characterized by polarization and fragmentation on a variety of socio-political issues. With the heightened social visibility of corporations, as a result of processes of mediatization, firms are pressured to engage with such social issues that are part of broader political discourses. Against the backdrop of these broad socio-political shifts, this study conceptually addresses the contribution of public relations to understanding the politicization of corporations and their environment. We argue that corporations have become inherently intertwined with their mediatized and polarized socio-political surroundings. As a result, corporations are increasingly pressured to speak out and take a stance on social issues to engage with their environment and renew their social license to operate (SLO) in a context characterized by political divides. By relying on concepts like issue arenas and corporate political advocacy, we argue that corporations can use public relations to publicly promote one ideal over another, by being guided by the corporation’s own intrinsic values and moral standpoints rather than efforts to balance competing interests of multiple stakeholders.
•Two subcomplexes of human ATP synthase are formed in d-subunit deficient cells.•One contains a rotor shaft (F1-c-ring) and the other a stator stalk subunits (b–e–g).•F1-c-ring is also formed when ...Mt-DNA-coded a-subunit and A6L are deficient.•ATP synthase assembly from F1-c-ring and stator stalk may be common to all organisms.
Mitochondrial ATP synthase is a motor enzyme in which a central shaft rotates in the stator casings fixed with the peripheral stator stalk. When expression of d-subunit, a stator stalk component, was knocked-down, human cells could not form ATP synthase holocomplex and instead accumulated two subcomplexes, one containing a central rotor shaft plus catalytic subunits (F1-c-ring) and the other containing stator stalk components (“b–e–g” complex). F1-c-ring was also formed when expression of mitochondrial DNA-coded a-subunit and A6L was suppressed. Thus, the central rotor shaft and the stator stalk are formed separately and they assemble later. Similar assembly strategy has been known for ATP synthase of yeast and Escherichia coli and could be common to all organisms.
Technology enhancement learning is a process that leads to deep point of learning and adds knowledge of technologies. Various studies shed light on technology development and its effect in ...educational sector. The aim of this integrative review is to examine the current evidence of the impact of technology learning on student learning and academic performance in courses requiring collaborative or activities. The authors searched electronic databases for relevant articles, with different learning techniques. 24 articles met the requirement of paper, it’s collected from (2011-2017). Three themes of techniques used for student learning outcomes, includes technology enhanced learning, assessment method and faculty experience on academic performance in universities with technology use. The final results of this paper show the relationship between what has been done and the factors used by the authors. Also the future work needs more use of technologies in different phases of learning process.
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•Molecular-level modelling of FCC slurry oil hydrotreating process.•Complex reaction network involving more than 15,000 reactions was built and visualized.•A method combining ...molecular-level kinetic model and trickle-bed reactor model is proposed.
In this study, a molecular-level kinetic model of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) slurry oil (SLO) hydrotreating in a trickle-bed reactor was developed. The physical and chemical properties of SLO were measured, and the data were used as input to tune the composition model parameters. A series of reaction rules were collected and established in terms of the reaction family according to the hydrotreating reaction mechanism. After applying the reaction rules on all the SLO molecules, a reaction network was generated containing 5,753 molecules and 15,830 reactions. The kinetic model was then built employing the Langmuir−Hinshelwood−Hougen−Watson (LHHW) formalism. The kinetic model parameters were reduced using the linear free energy relationship (LFER) and quantitative structure-reactivity correlations (QSRCs). The kinetic model was delivered to the trickle-bed reactor model, and the model parameters were tuned using experimental data obtained from a pilot hydrotreating unit. The obtained SLO hydrotreating model showed good agreement between the predicted and experimental product properties and composition under various processing conditions. The model was able to predict the concentration distribution of each species along the reactor. In addition, the influence of reaction temperature on the aromatic content and thiophene compound content was also evaluated.
•The overarching governance of the EU creates a unique context for SLO.•In Europe, good legislation and an active government are necessary for SLO.•The Scalar SLO Model integrates community-level and ...societal-level SLO.•The Scalar SLO Model integrates drivers of the loss of SLO.•Future SLO research should focus on the relationship between community and society.
The Social License to Operate (SLO) has become an established part of the natural resource development lexicon in North and South America as well as Australia. In Europe, the concept of the SLO in relation to mining is still in early maturation and acceptance possibly due to the very different worldview that exists in Europe. The European ‘condition’ can be characterized by a greater degree of trust in governance bodies and the role they play in prioritizing the best interests of the citizens they serve. The ‘Scalar SLO Model’ is inspired by Thomson and Boutilier’s original conception and developed during the H2020 MIREU project to describe the SLO in Europe; however, its logic can be applied to any other jurisdiction globally. What distinguishes the Scalar SLO Model from other contributions to the literature is two-fold. First, the division between the Community and Societal drivers of the SLO reinforces the notion that the nature of the SLO within the Community dimension can manifest itself differently than within the broader Societal dimension where values may not be the same. The second distinguishing contribution introduces the attributes of loss of the SLO as represented by conflictual relationships in both dimensions.
•Novel opposition-learning technique: Selective Leading Opposition (SLO).•SLO dimensionally changes the close search agents’ distance.•A well-match joint SLO and Dynamic Opposite (DO): Joint Opposite ...Selection (JOS).•Random Jump Strategy of DO increases the exploration ability of algorithm.•Promising performance improvement of HHO-JOS shown in CEC 2014 and CEC 2017.
In this paper, we proposed Joint Opposite Selection (JOS) operator that is a joint of two opposition learning techniques: the Selective Leading Opposition (SLO) and the Dynamic Opposite (DO). SLO uses a linearly decreasing threshold value to determine the close distance dimension of the search agents. DO provides the search agents chances to expand their abilities in the search space. We applied JOS to the Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO), the performance is increased because JOS balances the capability of exploration phase by using SLO and exploitation phase by using DO. The new algorithm, named Harris’ Hawks Optimization-Joint Opposite Selection (HHO-JOS), is also proposed in this research as an enhanced version of HHO to solve single-objective problems. When the hawks deploy JOS, SLO assists the hawks to succeed in exploitation phase by changing their close distance dimension and DO tries to diverse the search space range of the hawks in the exploration phase using a Random Jump Strategy (RJS). The sufficient Jumping rate (Jr) of DO in HHO-JOS is 0.25, according to our experimental results. The proposed algorithm was included in a competition conducted on 30 benchmark functions of CEC 2014 and 29 benchmark functions of CEC 2017. Both benchmarks contain collections of single-objective problems for real parameter numerical optimization. The problems were employed to evaluate and compare the proposed HHO-JOS to the original HHO, three variations of OBLs embedded in the original HHO, and 31 nature-inspired algorithms by using a scoring metric. The results of the competition showed that the premiere JOS on HHO consistently achieves robustness performance on CEC 2014 and CEC 2017. Comprehensive statistical analysis also demonstrated that HHO-JOS can compete with many leading optimization algorithms. Therefore, we can conclude that the proposed joint opposite selection is well-matched to HHO and succeeds in elevating HHO-JOS.
Recently, a large number of convolutional neural network (CNN) inference services have emerged on high-performance Graphic Processing Units (GPUs). However, GPUs are high power consumption units, and ...the energy consumption increases sharply along with the deployment of deep learning tasks. Although previous studies have considered the latency Service-Level-Objective (SLO) of inference services, they fail to directly take account of the energy consumption. Our investigation shows that coordinating batching and dynamic voltage frequency scaling (DVFS) settings can decrease the energy consumption of CNN inference. But it is affected by (i) larger configuration spaces; (ii) GPUs’ underutilization while data are transferred between CPUs and GPUs; (iii) fluctuating workloads. In this paper, we propose EAIS, an energy-aware adaptive scheduling framework that is comprised of a performance model, an asynchronous execution strategy, and an energy-aware scheduler. The performance model provides valid information about the performance characteristics of CNN inference services to shrink the feasible configuration space. The asynchronous execution strategy overlaps data upload and GPU execution to improve the system processing capacity. The energy-aware scheduler adaptively coordinates batching and DVFS according to fluctuating workloads to minimize energy consumption while meeting latency SLO. Our experimental results on NVIDIA Tesla M40 and V100 GPUs show that, compared to the state-of-the-art methods, EAIS decreases the energy consumption by up to 28.02% and improves the system processing capacity by up to 7.22% while meeting latency SLO. Besides, EAIS has been proved to have good versatility under different latency SLO constraints.
•An energy-aware scheduling framework is proposed to minimize energy consumption.•A performance model is presented to shrink the feasible configuration space.•An asynchronous execution strategy is proposed to overlap upload and GPU execution.•A scheduler is based on a greedy algorithm to deal with fluctuating workloads.
Public relations is recognized as an organizational boundary-spanning function accountable for communication engagement with diverse stakeholders in ways that facilitate social relationships, ...co-creation, and communication. It is this perspective that underpins the claim that social license and social impact have utility for public relations theory, as organizational decisions have intended and unintended impacts on communities. This perspective also underscores the need for organizations to find better ways to understand and attend to public expectations in an authentic manner. The notion of an organization or industry having a social license to operate and needing to consider their social impact has never been more important. This special section in Public Relations Review on Engagement, Social License to Operate (SLO) and Social Impact responds to the call to articulate the utility of SLO and social impact by situating and conceptually strengthening these concepts within public relations scholarship and outlining future research for public relations theory building. This editorial conceptually situates SLO and social impact for public relations and engagement, and identifies future research opportunities. The papers in this special section are introduced, highlighting the links between the concepts and public relations.
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