Cet article s’intéresse aux effets territoriaux du tournant participatif des politiques culturelles. Ce tournant se renforce à la faveur de l’évolution générale des modèles de gouvernance qui tentent ...d’inclure les aspirations de plus en plus affirmées des citoyens à prendre part aux différentes actions et décisions qui les concernent. Nous examinons le cas du quartier Saint-Michel à Montréal, quartier où se met en place une action collective communaliste qui se combine à une action entrepreneuriale liée à l’implantation du Cirque du Soleil dans le quartier. Le quartier est la scène d’un processus de revitalisation qui donne naissance à un commun culturel. Le cas de Saint-Michel permet de voir l’apport de l’approche culturelle communaliste à l’amélioration des milieux de vie des quartiers.
L’histoire architecturale de la vaste prison Saint-Michel à Toulouse est riche : à l’étude sous la iie République, puis construit sous le Second Empire, son originalité réside dans son plan qui ...reprend la typologie rayonnante, déclinaison de modèles anglais et états-uniens partisans de l’enfermement individuel, mais adaptée aux théories pénitentiaires impériales, partisanes de l’enfermement par catégories. Particulièrement notable, l’édifice d’entrée, dit Le Castelet, construit en brique selon un registre architectonique néo-médiéval, use d’un langage rarement mobilisé à cette échelle pour les prisons françaises. Composée de créneaux et de meurtrières, la façade du Castelet fait signe dans la ville et est tôt devenue emblématique du quartier Saint-Michel. Cette partie de la prison, reconnue officiellement comme patrimoniale, accueille depuis octobre 2020 un lieu d’exposition dédié à l’histoire de la prison, de son architecture, des détenus et de la Résistance. L’article interroge précisément le projet patrimonial et muséographique actuellement proposé à la visite, à la lumière de l’histoire complexe de l’édifice.
The architectural history of the vast Saint-Michel prison in Toulouse is rich : studied under the Second Republic, then built under the Second Empire, its originality lies in its plan, which takes up the radial typology, a variation of English and American models that favored individual confinement, but adapted to imperial prison theories, which favored confinement by categories. Particularly noteworthy is the entrance building, known as Le Castelet, built of brick in a neo-Medieval architectural style, using a language rarely used on this scale for French prisons. Composed of crenellations and arrow holes, the façade of Le Castelet is a landmark in the city and soon became emblematic of the Saint-Michel district. This part of the prison, officially recognized as a heritage site, has been hosting an exhibition space dedicated to the history of the prison, its architecture, the inmates and the Resistance since october 2020. The article questions the heritage and museographic project currently proposed to the visit, in the light of the complex history of the building.
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3D point clouds of natural environments relevant to problems in geomorphology (rivers, coastal environments, cliffs,…) often require classification of the data into elementary ...relevant classes. A typical example is the separation of riparian vegetation from ground in fluvial environments, the distinction between fresh surfaces and rockfall in cliff environments, or more generally the classification of surfaces according to their morphology (e.g. the presence of bedforms or by grain size). Natural surfaces are heterogeneous and their distinctive properties are seldom defined at a unique scale, prompting the use of multi-scale criteria to achieve a high degree of classification success. We have thus defined a multi-scale measure of the point cloud dimensionality around each point. The dimensionality characterizes the local 3D organization of the point cloud within spheres centered on the measured points and varies from being 1D (points set along a line), 2D (points forming a plane) to the full 3D volume. By varying the diameter of the sphere, we can thus monitor how the local cloud geometry behaves across scales. We present the technique and illustrate its efficiency in separating riparian vegetation from ground and classifying a mountain stream as vegetation, rock, gravel or water surface. In these two cases, separating the vegetation from ground or other classes achieve accuracy larger than 98%. Comparison with a single scale approach shows the superiority of the multi-scale analysis in enhancing class separability and spatial resolution of the classification. Scenes between 10 and one hundred million points can be classified on a common laptop in a reasonable time. The technique is robust to missing data, shadow zones and changes in point density within the scene. The classification is fast and accurate and can account for some degree of intra-class morphological variability such as different vegetation types. A probabilistic confidence in the classification result is given at each point, allowing the user to remove the points for which the classification is uncertain. The process can be both fully automated (minimal user input once, all scenes treated in large computation batches), but also fully customized by the user including a graphical definition of the classifiers if so desired. Working classifiers can be exchanged between users independently of the instrument used to acquire the data avoiding the need to go through full training of the classifier. Although developed for fully 3D data, the method can be readily applied to 2.5D airborne lidar data.
Sabellaria alveolata is a gregarious polychaete that uses sand particles to build three-dimensional structures known as reefs, fixed atop rocks or built on soft sediments. These structures are known ...to modify the local grain-size distribution and to host a highly diversified macrofauna, altered when the reef undergoes disturbances. The goal of this study was to investigate the different sedimentary and biological changes associated with the presence of a S. alveolata reef over two contrasting seasons (late winter and late summer), and how these changes were linked. Three different sediments were considered: the engineered sediment (the actual reef), the associated sediment (the soft sediment surrounding the reef structures) and a control soft sediment (i.e. no reef structures in close proximity). Univariate and multivariate comparisons of grain-size distribution, soft sediment characteristics (organic matter content, chlorophyll a, pheopigments and carbohydrate concentrations) and macrofauna were conducted between the different sediment types at both seasons and between the two seasons for each sediment type. A distance-based redundancy analyses (dbRDA) was used to investigate the link between the different environmental parameters and the macrofauna assemblages. Finally, we focused on a disturbance continuum of the engineered sediments proxied by an increase in the mud present in these sediments. The effects of a continuous and increasing disturbance on the associated fauna were investigated using pairwise beta diversity indices (Sørensen and Bray-Curtis dissimilarities and their decomposition into turnover and nestedness). Results showed a significant effect of the reef on the local sediment distribution (coarser sediments compared to the control) and on the benthic primary production (higher in the associated sediments). At both seasons, S. alveolata biomass and sediment principal mode were the environmental parameters which best differentiated the engineered, associated and control sediment assemblages. These two parameters are under the ecosystem engineer's influence stressing its importance in structuring benthic macrofauna. Furthermore, in late summer but not in late winter, presence/absence and abundance-based beta diversity were positively correlated to our disturbance proxy (mud content) a tendency driven by a species replacement and a rise in the associated fauna density. Our first set of results highlight the importance of S. alveolata reefs as benthic primary production enhancers via their physical structure and their biological activity. The results obtained using beta diversity indices emphasize the importance of recruitment in structuring the reef's macrofauna and – paradoxically – the ecological value of S. alveolata degraded forms as biodiversity and recruitment promoters.
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•S. alveolata is a reef-building ecosystem engineer that modifies abiotic and biotic environmental conditions.•Benthic primary production is higher in the immediate vicinity of a Sabellaria alveolata reef.•S. alveolataleads to the establishment of two assemblages: one in the reefs and another inthe soft sediment around them.•An increasing disturbance of the reefs leads to a species turnover and a total abundance increase.
·Proteomic analyses reveal practices in parchment use for medieval manuscripts.·Mont Saint Michel scriptorium select animal skin depending on the folio content.·Calf parchment is selectively used for ...the most valued part in the manuscript.·The four most prestigious liturgical manuscripts are made entirely of calfskin.
The Mont Saint-Michel abbey in Normandy, France, was an important pilgrimage site in Christianity, and its scriptorium produced numerous manuscripts between the end of the 10th and the middle of the 13th century. The present study investigates the practice of the Mont Saint-Michel scriptorium in the use of parchment to produce manuscripts in the 11th century, based on a corpus of 67 manuscripts produced between 980 and 1100. The combination of information gained from the codicological studies, proteomic analyses and thickness measurement of the parchments, revealed that copyists and/or artists deliberately select the type of skin depending on the content of the folio or the status of the manuscript. Thus, only sheep parchment is used for folios with text or only lightly illuminated manuscripts, while calf parchment is selectively used for the most valued part in the manuscript, such as full-page illuminations and often large ornate letters opening the manuscripts. For the most prestigious manuscripts, which concern four volumes in the corpus, calfskin is used in the entire manuscript, with the occasional addition in the Mont Saint Michel Sacramentary of goatskin, confirming the special status of these manuscripts for liturgical use. The demonstration of these practices constitutes for historians invaluable information on the parchment production at the time, as well as insight into the manuscript or folio significance.
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•The evolution of tidal networks (TCNs) in laterally-expanding salt marshes is analyzed.•TCNs maintain morphological self-similarity as marshes expand seaward.•Self-similarity is not maintained in ...eroding marshes where TCNs evolve via headward growth.
Tidal channel networks (TCNs) dissect ecologically and economically valuable salt marsh ecosystems. These networks evolve in response to complex interactions between hydrological, sedimentological, and ecological processes that act in tidal landscapes. Thus, improving current knowledge of the evolution of salt-marsh TCNs is critical to providing a better understanding of bio-morphodynamic processes in coastal environments. Existing studies of coastal TCNs have typically focussed on marshes with either laterally stable or eroding edges, and suggested that TCN morphology evolves primarily through the progressive landward erosion of channel tips, that is, via channel headward growth. In this study, we analyze for the first time the morphological evolution of TCNs found within salt marshes that are characterized by active lateral expansion along their seaward edges and anthropogenically-fixed landward boundaries. We use remote-sensing and numerical-modeling analyses to show that marsh seaward expansion effectively limits headward channel growth and prompts the evolution of TCNs that maintain self-similar morphological structures. In particular, we demonstrate that the overall TCN length increases proportionally to the rate at which marshes expand laterally and that these morphological changes do not significantly alter the drainage properties of the coupled marsh-TCN system. Such behavior is not observed in marshes that are not expanding laterally. Our results allow for elucidating the mechanisms of TCN formation and evolution in tidal wetlands, and are therefore critical to improving our current understanding of coastal-landscape ecomorphodynamics, as well as to developing sustainable strategies for the conservation and restoration of these environments.
Die Analyse der liturgischen Kalender, der Ordinarien und Zeremonialbücher vom Mont Saint-Michel unter dem Blickpunkt der feierlichen Gedächtnistage verdeutlicht die Geschichte der Heiligenkulte und ...des liturgischen und täglichen Lebens in der Abtei. Die Ordnung der Gedächtnistage in den Manuskripten unterscheidet die Feiertage nach ihrer Bedeutung, indem die Anzahl der Lesungen im morgendlichen Gottesdienst und die der entzündeten Kerzen im Chorraum der Kirche festgelegt werden sowie die liturgischen Ornamente bestimmt werden. Dieser Beitrag untersucht mit Hilfe einer kodikologischen und Textuntersuchung der liturgischen Bücher, die zwischen dem 13. und 15. Jahrhundert in Mont Saint-Michel verwendet wurden, die hierarchische Ordnung der mönchischen Feiern und ihre Entwicklung am Ende des Mittelalters, sowie die Auswirkungen des feierlichen Erinnerns auf das tägliche Leben der Mönche.
Analysis of the liturgical calendars, the ordinals and the ceremonial of Mont Saint-Michel, and particularly the degrees of solemnity, can inform us about the history of the cult of the saints and the liturgical and temporal life of the abbey. The degrees of solemnity, as markers of solemnization in the manuscripts, differentiate feasts according to their importance, indicating the number of lessons at the hour of matins and the candles lit in the choir, and mentioning the liturgical ornaments. Through a codicological and textual study of liturgical books in use between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries at Mont Saint-Michel, this article examines the hierarchical categorisation of the feasts in the liturgy and the evolution of the degrees of solemnity on Mont Saint-Michel at the end of the Middle Ages, and the significance of the solemnization of a feast for the temporal life of the monks.
L’analyse des calendriers liturgiques, des ordinaires et du cérémonial du Mont Saint-Michel du point de vue des rits éclaire l’histoire du culte des saints et de la vie liturgique et temporelle de l’abbaye. Le degré de solennité distingue, dans les manuscrits, les fêtes selon leur importance, par l’indication du nombre de leçons à l’office de matines et de cierges allumés dans le chœur de l’église, et par la mention d’ornements liturgiques. Cet article examine, à travers une étude codicologique et textuelle de livres liturgiques en usage entre le XIIIe et le XVe siècle au Mont Saint-Michel, la catégorisation hiérarchique des fêtes montoises et son évolution à la fin du Moyen Âge, ainsi que les conséquences de la solennisation des fêtes dans la vie temporelle des moines.
L’analisi dei calendari liturgici, degli ordinari e del cerimoniale di Mont Saint-Michel da un punto di vista rituale consente di ricostruire la storia del culto dei santi, della liturgia e della vita dei monaci all’interno dell’abbazia. I dettagli rituali registrati nei manoscritti (numero delle lezioni mattutine e dei ceri accesi nel coro della chiesa, menzione di ornamenti liturgici) sono marchi di solennità che conferiscono alle feste un diverso grado di importanza. Attraverso uno studio codicologico e testuale dei libri liturgici in uso tra il XIII e il XV secolo a Mont Saint-Michel, questo articolo esamina la caratterizzazione gerarchica delle feste dell'abbazia micaelica e la sua evoluzione alla fine del Medioevo, nonché le conseguenze della solennizzazione delle feste nella vita quotidiana dei monaci.
Intertidal meanders developed on salt marshes are known to expand and produce inclined heterolithic stratification rich in fine‐grained sediments and to bear evidence for rhythmic deposition in the ...upper part of the inner meander bend (i.e. the upper part of the point bar). This occurs because the lower point‐bar deposits are washed by strong currents, which remove mud drapes and develop discontinuous record of tidal cycles. Although these criteria are widely accepted, facies models for tidal point bars still lack a three‐dimensional perspective and overlook the along‐bend variability of sediment distribution. The present study focuses on a hypertidal point bar belonging to the upper‐intertidal domain of the Mont‐Saint‐Michel Bay (France), and it analyses the sedimentology of a 3D time‐framed accretionary package formed between 28 March 2012 and 29 November 2012 by means of lidar topographic data, geomorphological field surveys and sedimentological core data. To define the 3D time‐framed accretionary package, data from thirteen lidar (light detection and ranging) topographic surveys were used to create the point‐bar synthetic stratigraphy. Data show that over the study period the point bar expanded alternating deposition along its seaward and landward sides, pointing out the occurrence of depositional patterns more complex than a simple progressive expansion of the bend. The thickest deposits were accumulated in the point‐bar‐apex zone, where the largest amount of mud was also stored. High sediment accretion in the bend‐apex zone is ascribed to the development of low‐energy conditions due to flow and bed configuration. High accretion rate of the point‐bar‐apex zone promoted also a better preservation of rhythmites, which are almost missing from deposits accumulated along the point‐bar sides. This study remarks that preservation of mud and tidal rhythmites within intertidal‐point‐bar deposits is controlled, not only by their elevation with respect to the tidal range, but also by their location along the point bar.
The main types of seismites are reviewed following the proposed classification and are illustrated by our own case studies. The large variety of seismites, depends on the sedimentologic, hydrodynamic ...and diagenetic characters of the deposits subject to seismic shocks. On a given site, generally different types of seismites cane be related to the same seismic event. These peculiar but widespread sedimentary structures are not always univocal and may often be related to different causes. Therefore, the structures discussed must necessarily be placed in a detailed geological context.
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