L’innovazione tecnologica ha investito, ormai da tempo, il settore degli strumenti finanziari, invadendo il mercato con prodotti e tecniche di finanziamento alternative che potrebbero portare più ...alti livelli di liquidità. Il presente saggio si propone di analizzare, nello specifico, il fenomeno dei token illustrando alcuni approcci regolamentari, in ottica comparata, adottati a livello nazionale nell’esperienza italiana e sammarinese. / 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑠. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑚𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠, 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒, 𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝐼𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑎𝑛 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑜.
Biomineralization plays a fundamental role in the global silicon cycle. Grasses are known to mobilize significant quantities of Si in the form of silica biominerals and dominate the terrestrial realm ...today, but they have relatively recent origins and only rose to taxonomic and ecological prominence within the Cenozoic Era. This raises questions regarding when and how the biological silica cycle evolved. To address these questions, we examined silica abundances of extant members of early-diverging land plant clades, which show that silica biomineralization is widespread across terrestrial plant linages. Particularly high silica abundances are observed in lycophytes and early-diverging ferns. However, silica biomineralization is rare within later-evolving gymnosperms, implying a complex evolutionary history within the seed plants. Electron microscopy and X-ray spectroscopy show that the most common silica-mineralized tissues include the vascular system, epidermal cells, and stomata, which is consistent with the hypothesis that biomineralization in plants is frequently coupled to transpiration. Furthermore, sequence, phylogenetic, and structural analysis of nodulin 26-like intrinsic proteins from diverse plant genomes points to a plastic and ancient capacity for silica accumulation within terrestrial plants. The integration of these two comparative biology approaches demonstrates that silica biomineralization has been an important process for land plants over the course of their >400 My evolutionary history.
The evolution of the San Marino carbonate succession, developed on a wedge-top basin of the northern Apennines during the Middle Miocene (Torriana outcrop, Marecchia Valley), was studied through a ...high-resolution stable isotope analysis on different carbonate components. A marked positive carbon isotopic excursion is identified at ca. 16 Ma. The excellent correlation of the San Marino δ13C carbonates with the global δ13C reference curve from Zachos et al. (2008) allows to link the marked positive δ13C present in the San Marino section with the global carbon isotope maximum of the Monterey event. Subordinate long-eccentricity-driven δ13C cycles (~405 kyr) as recorded by Holbourn et al. (2007) were also identified. The correlation with carbon signatures of coeval successions of the Mediterranean region shows that this main carbon isotopic excursion at the Burdigalian–Langhian boundary is widely recorded and predates the crisis of these heterozoan shelves. The demise of the San Marino shelf resulted from a combination of global and regional factors that controlled the nutrient budget, the detrital input and the subsidence of the basin. The high-resolution chemostratigraphy of San Marino succession shows that even though the shelf evolved in the complex setting of a wedge-top basin, which should be largely influenced by local factors (i.e. tectonic subsidence and detrital input), it records the Monterey event and its eccentricity paced rhythms with high precision. This highlights the strong connection of the Monterey event with the development and subsequent demise of shallow water carbonate depositional systems in the Mediterranean, irrespective of variable and changing local conditions.
•High-resolution δ13C of carbonate on a wedge-top basin in the interval 16.5–14.5 Ma•The positive δ13C excursion of the Monterey event is registered with high precision.•Subordinate eccentricity-driven δ13C cycles (400 kyr) were also identified.•Primary role of global event over regional influences on the shelf evolution is shown.
Epidemiological studies on multiple sclerosis (MS) carried out in Southern Europe in the last years have shown a significant increase in the disease frequency. Previous surveys conducted in the ...Republic of San Marino, Northern Italian peninsula, identified that the population is at high risk for MS, with a prevalence of 51.6 per 100,000 population in 1982 and of 166.7 in 2005 and with a mean annual incidence of 7.9 per 100,000 for the period 1990–2005. The present work is a community-based intensive prevalence and incidence survey, by a complete enumeration approach, to update the prevalence and incidence of MS in the Republic of San Marino. The mean annual incidence for the period 2005–14 was 7.7 (95% CI 4.9–11.4) per 100,000, 3.3 (95% CI 1.1–7.6) for men and 11.9 (95% CI 7.2–18.6) for women. On 31 December 2014, 67 patients (19 men and 48 women), suffering from definite or probable MS and living in the Republic of San Marino, yielded a crude prevalence of 204.3 (95% CI 158.4–259.5) per 100,000, 117.8 (95% CI 70.9–183.7) for men and 288.2 (95% CI 212.4–383.3) for women. Our study has confirmed San Marino is an area at high risk for MS, in line with epidemiological data from continental Italy. The marked increase in MS prevalence over time in this population can be ascribable to increased survival and improved ascertainment, in the presence of a substantially stable, yet high, incidence rate.
Understanding the spatial distribution of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases can provide valuable information to anticipate the world outbreaks and in turn improve public health policies. In ...this study, the cumulative incidence rate (CIR) and cumulative mortality rate (CMR) of all countries affected by the new corona outbreak were calculated at the end of March and April, 2020. Prior to the implementation of hot spot analysis, the spatial autocorrelation results of CIR were obtained. Hot spot analysis and Anselin Local Moran’s
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indices were then applied to accurately locate high and low-risk clusters of COVID-19 globally. San Marino and Italy revealed the highest CMR by the end of March, though Belgium took the place of Italy as of 30th April. At the end of the research period (by 30th April), the CIR showed obvious spatial clustering. Accordingly, southern, northern and western Europe were detected in the high-high clusters demonstrating an increased risk of COVID-19 in these regions and also the surrounding areas. Countries of northern Africa exhibited a clustering of hot spots, with a confidence level above 95%, even though these areas assigned low CIR values. The hot spots accounted for nearly 70% of CIR. Furthermore, analysis of clusters and outliers demonstrated that these countries are situated in the low-high outlier pattern. Most of the surveyed countries that exhibited clustering of high values (hot spot) with a confidence level of 99% (by 31st March) and 95% (by 30th April) were dedicated higher CIR values. In conclusion, hot spot analysis coupled with Anselin local Moran’s
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provides a scrupulous and objective approach to determine the locations of statistically significant clusters of COVID-19 cases shedding light on the high-risk districts.
The article is devoted to the analysis of the cultural policy and diplomacy of the microstates, namely: the Principality of Monaco, the Principality of Liechtenstein, the Principality of Andorra and ...the Republic of San Marino. In the introduction, the author briefly describes the concepts of cultural policy and cultural diplomacy and highlights the problem of insufficiently studied microstates. In the first part of the work, the main institutions that implement the cultural policy of the above states are considered. Further, based on reports provided by countries within the framework of the Compendium, the participation of countries in such international organizations as UNESCO and the Council of Europe is studied. In conclusion, conclusions are drawn that microstates attach particular importance to the development and promotion of their own culture at the international level. For their status, they actively and successfully participate in the activities of specialized international organizations, in the protection and promotion of national languages, in the development of cultural cooperation at the regional level.
In August 2020, Sputnik V was registered as Gam-COVID-Vac by the Russian Ministry of Health, and since December 2020 it has been distributed in 61 countries worldwide. On 25 February 2021, the ...Republic of San Marino started its vaccination campaign, which includes Sputnik V. Our aim was to describe the adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) with this vaccine through participant-based active surveillance in the country.
Beginning from 4 March to 8 April 2021, a nationwide study was conducted on San Marino's population aged 18–89 years who received one or two doses of Sputnik V. E-questionnaire dissemination occurred through e-mails, QR-codes or live/phone interviews ~7 days after the first and second vaccine dose. A descriptive analysis was conducted to quantify AEFI incidence on both occasions, stratifying results by type and severity of symptoms.
Mean age of the 2558 vaccine recipients was 66±14 years. First-dose AEFI incidence was 53.3% (systemic reactions at 42.2%), while second-dose AEFI incidence was 66.8% (systemic reactions at 50.4%) (n = 1288). In general, 76.0% of two-dose recipients reported some AEFIs after either vaccine dose, and 2.1% suffered severe reactions; in 60- to 89-year-olds (n = 1021), AEFI incidence was 70.0%, with 53.0% of subjects describing systemic reactions and 0.8% reporting severe symptoms. The most frequent symptoms were local pain, asthenia, headache and joint pain.
Our results, albeit preliminary, suggest that Sputnik V has a high tolerability profile in the population aged ≥60 years in terms of short-term AEFIs.
None.
Pollen data from three off-site records and twenty-six on-site (archaeological) sites are reviewed to investigate the development of cultural landscapes through the history of the olive, walnut and ...chestnut trees in the Italian peninsula from the Late Glacial to late Holocene. The spread of these trees, which have been gathered or cultivated since ancient times, though not marked by high values in pollen diagrams, is an important indicator of increasing human activity and anthropization in the Mediterranean area.
The sum of Olea, Juglans and Castanea percentages in pollen spectra constitutes the OJC curve. The off-site records discussed are core RF93-30 from the Adriatic Sea (last 7000 years), and cores PALB94-1E of Lago Albano and PNEM94-1B of Lago di Nemi, two lakes in the Latium region (last 13,000 years). The on-site records are located in several regions (Veneto, Emilia Romagna, Tuscany, Basilicata, Calabria, and Sicily) and in the Republic of San Marino. Their chronology spans approximately from the Bronze to the Renaissance ages, from 4200 to 500 BP. The simultaneous presence of OJC in the off-sites and in all the archaeological sites confirms that these trees were widespread in the Italian peninsula during the last four millennia. The OJC pollen sum shows low values but Olea, Castanea and Juglans are common in Bronze age sites from northern Italy, when their percentages increase in the off-site records. In Hellenistic and Roman times, there are sharp increments of their curves in the off-sites, and values of Olea are especially high in archaeological sites of southern Italy. The highest values of OJC, especially due to Castanea, are found in records of the Middle ages. Juglans is significant but less frequent in both the archaeological sites and the off-sites.
The cultivation of walnut and chestnut trees in pre-Roman times may have included local stands. The nurturing for wood may have had negative effects on pollen fallout while the flowering of plants was favoured to obtain fruits.
As humans exploited the natural resources they interfered with the distribution of useful plants. The development of human environments in a modern sense, however, is a relatively recent phenomenon. It has largely caused the expansion of complex agrarian landscapes, including fields, pastures and groves.
•Small countries with centralized health systems were fast at adapting to the pandemic.•Expansion capacity was limited if there was one main central healthcare institution.•Tourism dependency led to ...tensions between infection control and economic considerations.
The aim of this paper is to compare the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on four small countries in the southern half of Europe with similar public health systems: San Marino, Montenegro, Malta and Cyprus, the latter two being island states. There are advantages and disadvantages in being a small nation amidst this crisis. The centralized public health administration means that small countries are faster at adapting as they learn and evolve on a weekly basis. However, small countries tend to be dependent on their bigger neighbours, and the networks they belong to, for trade, food, medical supplies as well as policies. The risk threshold taken by a small country for the transition strategy has to be less than that taken by a bigger country because if things go wrong in a border region, there is less resilience in a small country, with immediate impact on the whole country. The blow to the tourism industry, which plays a main role especially in small countries, negatively impacted the economy, and it has been a feat to reach a balance between allowing the flow of inbound tourists and keeping the local infection rates under control.
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