The relative survival field has seen a lot of development in the last decade, resulting in many different and even opposing suggestions on how to approach the analysis.
We carefully define and ...explain the differences between the various measures of survival (overall survival, crude mortality, net survival and relative survival ratio) and study their differences using colon and prostate cancer data extracted from the national population-based cancer registry of Slovenia as well as simulated data.
The colon and prostate cancer data demonstrate clearly that when analysing population-based data, it is useful to split the overall mortality in crude probabilities of dying from cancer and from other causes. Complemented by net survival, it provides a complete picture of cancer survival in a given population. But when comparisons of different populations as defined for example by place or time are of interest, our simulated data demonstrate that net survival is the only measure to be used.
The choice of the method should be done in two steps: first, one should determine the measure of interest and second, one should choose among the methods that estimate that measure consistently.
The Slovene community in Italy paid the utmost attention to the events in Slovenia at the time of the declaration of independence in June 1991 and the subsequent attack of the Yugoslav People’s Army. ...Drawing from newspaper reports, the article focuses on some major public events, charities and youth activities that were the result of cooperative activities of the Slovene community in Italy during the events in Slovenia. Thereby, the Slovene minority tried to influence the decisions of the Italian and European political leaders to intervene in the event of military aggression and support Slovenia’s independence, while also involving the public and successfully encouraging it to participate en masse in public events and charity campaigns to help Slovenia.
Mercury (Hg) solubility and reactivity in soils at two extremely contaminated ancient small scale cinnabar roasting sites in the surroundings of the Hg mining area of Idrija (Slovenia) were ...determined in order to assess the mobility of Hg in the aqueous phase and to evaluate the extent of leaching of Hg into Idrijca River and further downstream. Water leaching experiments were performed on soil and SOM (soil organic matter) samples from historical roasting sites Pšenk and Frbejžene trate. The determined concentrations of leachable Hg in soil samples from the studied areas range from 16 to exceptionally high concentration of 18,000μg/kg, representing 0.0002 to 1.1% of total Hg in these samples, while in SOM samples leachable Hg concentrations range between 13.3 and 6000μg/kg, which corresponds to 0.0017–0.074% of total Hg determined in SOM. The soluble Hg concentrations in investigated soil profiles range from 183 to 18,000μg/kg (0.038–1.7% of total Hg). On the average, more than 90% of soluble Hg occurs in a non-reactive complex bound form, suggesting the preferential binding of Hg to humic matter. Soluble Hg in studied soil profiles generally increases with depth. The obtained results show that Hg is effectively transported to deeper soil layers, mainly as soluble organic complexes. It is estimated that there is still about 10kg of soluble Hg stored in soils of the investigated roasting sites, which is continuously leached to surface waters and deeper into the soil.
•Water leaching experiments were performed on soil and SOM samples.•Total soluble, complex-bound and reactive Hg was defined.•Extremely high concentrations (up to 18,000μg/kg) of soluble Hg were determined.•More than 90% of soluble Hg occurs in a non-reactive complex bound form.•We estimate that soluble Hg stored in soils is mobilized to the groundwater.
A Mesoscale Convective System in North-Western Slovenia produced up to 350–400mm in 12h on 18 September, 2007. The region impacted by the storm shows significant differences in climatic and geologic ...properties at short distances. Owing to such variability, extreme flooding concentrated over the Selška Sora watershed at Železniki (103.3km2), outside the area which received the highest precipitation. Hydrometeorological analyses of the storm are based on accurate analysis of C-band weather-radar observations and data from a rain gauge network. Detailed surveys of high-water marks and channel/floodplain geometry, carried out two months after the flood, are used for hydrologic analyses of the Selška Sora flood. These include estimation of peak discharge at 21 sites. Unit peak discharges range from 5 to 7m3s−1km−2 in basins characterised by size up to approximately 25km2. Higher unit peak discharges (>10m3s−1km−2), estimated in a few smaller basins, are influenced by intense sediment transport. Observed rainfall, estimated peak discharges, and observer notes on timing of peak discharge are used along with a distributed hydrologic model to reconstruct hydrographs at multiple locations. Examination of the rainfall distribution and flood response shows that the extent and the position of the karst terrain provided a major control on flood response in the region impacted by the storm. Use of the distributed hydrological model together with the post-flood survey observations is shown to provide an accurate description of the flood. Water balance and response time characteristics are examined for selected catchments, showing that event runoff coefficient ranged between 17% and 24% for different catchments. The quality of the peak discharge simulation at the 21 surveyed sites is substantially degraded when using spatially-uniform rainfall over the area covering all the surveyed sub-catchments, mainly due to rainfall volume errors introduced by using the spatially uniform value. On the other hand, the influence of rainfall spatial averaging at the scale of the sub-catchments generally has a very limited effect on runoff modelling, showing that rainfall spatial organisation was not able to overcome the catchment dampening effect for this flood.
Previous studies on SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV reported the detection of viral RNA in the stool of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. These clinical observations suggest that municipal and ...hospital wastewater from affected communities may contain SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Recent studies have also reported the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in human feces. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a promising approach to understand the prevalence of viruses in a given catchment population, as wastewater contains viruses from symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. The current study reports the first detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in untreated wastewater in Slovenia. Two sizes of centrifugal filters were tested: 30 kDa and 10 kDA AMICON® Ultra-15 Centrifugal Filters, where 10 kDA resulted in a higher concentration factor and higher recovery efficiency. The results in hospital wastewater show that WBE can be used for monitoring COVID −19 and could be applied in municipal wastewater treatment plants as a potential complementary tool for public health monitoring at population level.
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•The first study in Slovenia that reports the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in untreated wastewater.•66.7% (10/15) of untreated hospital wastewater samples tested positive for at least one SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR target.•SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in untreated hospital wastewater when only one COVID-19 patient was hospitalized.
Contaminated sediments transported onto the river terrace during high water events can contribute significant quantities of potentially toxic elements to riparian soils. Seven trace elements (As, Cd, ...Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) were analysed in the river sediment and riparian soil of the River Sava and their spatial distribution, potential toxicity and ecological risk levels were evaluated. The results showed that levels of all the trace metals were enriched to varying extents in both the sediment (As, Cr, Ni, and Pb) and soil (Ni) when compared to reference levels for sediments and European soils. Mean concentrations of trace metals in sediment and soil, apart from Pb, increased downstream in the River Sava. The similar increasing trend of these elements in sediment and soil may be explained by their increased load due to anthropogenic pressures (As, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn in sediment and the significant accumulation of Ni in soil) and frequent periodic flooding (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn in sediment and Cd in soil are influenced by both high water events and natural factors such as the geological substrate), particularly in lowland regions. In this study, soluble As, Cd, Cr, Cu and Ni fractions in sediment and soil <10% indicated their low mobility. The exceptions were readily soluble Pb and Zn in the sediment and soil at some sampling sites. In the lower reaches, levels of Pb in sediment was indicative of a medium environmental hazard, while there was a high environmental hazard in the upper reaches with the average Pb content in sediment higher than the PEL. Pollution factors for Pb in soil indicated a medium environmental hazard in the upper and middle reaches and a high environmental hazard at some sites in the lower stretches of the Sava River, although total Pb content in soil was within the range proposed for European soils.
•Riparian zone contamination was studied on a large spatial scale.•As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in riparian soil and river sediment were analysed.•Cr and Ni levels >PEL (CCME 2001) were found in river sediment in river's lower reaches.•Elevated As, Cr, Ni and Zn levels were found in riparian soil in river's lower reaches.•Hazardous readily soluble Pb in sediment and soil was found in upper reaches.
The research area is located in south-eastern Slovenia and belongs to the eastern extensions of the Slovenian Basin adjacent to the Adriatic Carbonate Platform. The studied section is 25 m thick and ...consists of grey, brownish and reddish pelagic limestones and calciturbidites, and two bentonite layers 110 and 10 cm thick. Both volcanoclastic horizons consist of greenish, fine-grained muddy material. To date, no other bentonites of similar age are known in the wider Southern Alpine and Dinaridic region. The late Campanian to Campanian/Maastrichtian age of the succession was determined from planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nanoplankton assemblages. XRD analysis revealed the presence of calcite, quartz, muscovite/illite and smectite, which prevails in the clay fraction and is indicative of bentonite clays. We interpret these bentonite horizons as resulting from direct deposition of volcanic ash in a marine environment with a concomitant admixture of detrital material (quartz, muscovite) and later diagenetic carbonatization. The geochemical composition suggests a felsic volcanic origin. The most likely source is the Late Cretaceous–Paleogene bimodal rhyolitic/basaltic volcanism documented along the Sava Suture Zone in present-day Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, and North Macedonia. In the Central Apennines three locations with bentonites have been documented. Further spatial and temporal analysis of similar volcanogenic horizons could yield important data on the paleogeographic and tectonic evolution of the Adria/Apulia continental margin.
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•Important discovery of upper Campanian bentonite layers on the eastern Adria margin.•Volcanic ash deposition in a deeper-marine, carbonate dominated environment.•Correlates with Campanian rhyolitic volcanic activity in the Sava Suture Zone.
This paper reviews the concept of place brand identity within the supply side aspect of place branding. With no widely accepted model of place brand identity, the paper proposes a new model, which ...has its roots in marketing, tourism and sociological theory. The model focuses on the country brand of Slovenia, representing the first systematic branding process in Slovenia's short history. The development of a research program followed a holistic approach involving key influencers and enactment stakeholders. This novel approach has several advantages over the previously uncoordinated country branding attempts.
The article examines the discourse of Slovenia’s official tourism brand I Feel Slovenia. It presents a study of the English version of the official website, focusing on the ways in which the text ...establishes connections between emotions and emotions in the construction of the brand. Special attention is paid to the role of the word green in the discourse construction of Slovenia’s official image. The study is based on the framework of evaluative language (Martin and White 1995). The analysis shows that the word green is primarily used as a value-laden term, functioning as a placeholder for different evaluative meanings. The word green ties different strands of Slovenia’s image into a holistic concept rooted in the English-language slogan I Feel Slovenia and the label Slovenia Green.
Članek obravnava diskurz uradne slovenske turistične znamke I Feel Slovenia. Predstavlja raziskavo angleške verzijo uradne spletne strani, zlasti ugotovitve o tem, kako se v besedilih konceptualno povezujejo čustva in vrednote trajnostnega razvoja. Analiza se osredotoča zlasti na vlogo besede zelen v diskurzni konstrukciji uradne znamke Slovenije. Raziskava temelji na teoriji jezika vrednotenja (Martin in White 1995). Analiza besedil kaže, da se beseda zelen uporablja predvsem kot izraz vrednotenj. Deluje kot označevalec vrednot in sodb in povezuje različne sklope slovenske identitete v celostni koncept, ki izhaja iz slogana I Feel Slovenia in oznake Slovenia Green.
The failure to ensure descriptive representation is one of the challenges facing democracy. In the literature, it is suggested that, among others, imperfect descriptive representation is connected to ...insufficient legitimacy as well as low trust in political institutions. This paper analyses the link between descriptive representation and both people’s satisfaction with the way democracy is working in practice and trust in political institutions in Slovenia which, despite 30 years of democratic rule, are characterised by persistent low trust and satisfaction levels.
Considering longitudinal public opinion data and a database on the composition of the Slovenian parliament (eight terms) in terms of gender, age groups and education, we find that also in Slovenia especially women, the young, the elderly and those with a basic education are underrepresented, with this being reflected in trust in the parliament and people’s perception of the way in which democracy is working. Still, the fact such underrepresentation has continued for some time (regardless of certain changes) means these findings are only part of the explanation.
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