Now in a second edition, this publication explains how national cancer control programmes, integrated with existing health systems, represent the best available method to control both the causes and ...the consequences of cancer. Recommendations are drawn from a strong conceptual management framework and from the practical experience of over 50 countries. This comprehensive approach addresses all aspects of cancer control including prevention, treatment and palliation. It stresses the need for basing policies and programmes on evidence, and promotes a systematic, balanced and coordinated approach to their development and implementation. This new edition incorporates WHO's current policy advice on a range of risk factors and outlines global initiatives, such as the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control, which will complement national activities. The different resource settings in developed and developing countries are carefully considered, and suggestions for national programmes tailored to individual country needs are clearly set out.
The WHO Resource Book on Mental Health, Human Rights and Legislation brings together important information on international human rights standards related to mental health. It provides practical ...guidance on key issues that countries need to consider and incorporate into their national mental health laws, as well as useful strategies to facilitate the development, adoption and implementation of the laws. The Resource Book is illustrated throughout with examples of diverse experiences and practices, as well as extracts of laws and other law-related documents from different countries. It also contains a Checklist on mental health legislation which countries can use to review the comprehensiveness and adequacy of existing mental health legislation and to help them in the process of drafting a new law.
Provider: Czech digital library/Česká digitální knihovna - Institution: National Medical Library/Národní lékařská knihovna - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Dysnatremie patří mezi časté a ...vážné komplikace u pacientů v neurointenzivní péči. Jejich riziko spočívá v ovlivnění efektivní osmolality extracelulární tekutiny, která má vliv na množství vody v intracelulární tekutině. U hyponatremie vzniká edém mozku na rozdíl od hypernatremie, kde dochází k dehydrataci mozku. Hyponatremie se vyskytují častěji než hypernatremie, ale prognosticky závažnější jsou hypernatremie, těžká hypernatremie (> 160 mmol/l) patří mezi nezávislé ukazatele vzestupu mortality. Rizikovými faktory pro vznik dysnatremií v neurointenzivní péči jsou: 1. akutní poškození mozku, 2. následek terapeutických postupů a 3. iatrogenní příčiny. Cílem neurointenzivní péče je prevence vzniku hypo‑ a hypernatremií z iatrogenních příčin.- Dysnatremias are common and serious complications in neurocritical care. They pose a risk mainly due to their effect on osmolality of extracellular fluids that influences the amount of water in intracellular fluids. Hyponatremia is associated with a risk of brain edema, while hypernatremia can cause brain dehydration. Hyponatremia occurs more frequently but hypernatremia is associated with poorer prognosis, serum sodium above 160 mmol/l is an independent risk factor for higher mortality. Risk factors for dysnatremias include: 1. brain damage, 2. therapeutic processes during neurocritical care, 3. iatrogenic conditions. One of the aims of neurocritical care is to prevent iatrogenic hypo/hypernatremias. Key words: hyponatremia – hypernatremia – neurocritical care The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for biomedical papers.- V. Špatenková, P. Škrabálek- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: Czech digital library/Česká digitální knihovna - Institution: National Medical Library/Národní lékařská knihovna - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Marie Nejedlá- All metadata ...published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: Czech digital library/Česká digitální knihovna - Institution: National Medical Library/Národní lékařská knihovna - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Cíl práce: Podat přehled o ...diagnostických metodách a doporučených postupech pro vcestné cévy (vasa praevia) v těhotenství. Typ studie: Souhrnný článek. Metodika: Analýza dostupných literárních zdrojů. Závěr: Vasa praevia patří mezi závažné těhotenské komplikace s nízkou incidencí. Pokud nejsou vcestné cévy diagnostikovány prenatálně, představují vysoké riziko pro plod. Včasná prenatálně stanovená diagnóza významně snižuje perinatální morbiditu a mortalitu novorozence. Diagnostickou metodou volby je ultrasonografické vyšetření s použitím barevného dopplerovského zobrazení. V případě stanovení diagnózy vasa praevia prenatálně je doporučováno ukončení těhotenství elektivním císařským řezem dříve, než dojde k nástupu porodní činnosti nebo odtoku plodové vody.- Objective: To report up–to date knowledge on diagnostic methods and recommended practices for vasa praevia in pregnancy. Study design: Review. Methods: Analysis of available literature resources. Conclusion: Vasa praevia is among the major pregnancy complications with a low incidence. If they are not diagnosed prenatally, pose a high risk to the fetus. Early prenatally established diagnosis significantly decrease perinatal morbidity and mortality of the newborn. The diagnostic method of choice is ultrasound scan using colour Doppler image. In the case of diagnosis of vasa praevia prenatally, it is recommended termination of the pregnancy by elective cesarean section before the onset of labor activity or rupture of membranes.- Andrea Galčíková- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: Czech digital library/Česká digitální knihovna - Institution: National Medical Library/Národní lékařská knihovna - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Tereza Šmrhová-Kovács- Literatura- ...All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: Czech digital library/Česká digitální knihovna - Institution: National Medical Library/Národní lékařská knihovna - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Literatura- All metadata published ...by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: Czech digital library/Česká digitální knihovna - Institution: Academy of Sciences Library/Knihovna Akademie věd ČR - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Organization and public ...financing of health care is task and competence of the member states. However, economic integration cannot spare it entirely. Financing of urgent treatment of tourists is based on coordination of reimbursement among competent institutions. The Court of Justice established right of patients for public reimbursement of treatment intentionally found in other member states with domestic rates with broad interpretation of basic economic freedoms, albeit measures for cost-containment justify restrictions. The Directive on the application of patients’ rights in cross-border healthcare brings clarification. The Czech Republic has implemented the directive benevolently within short delay. There is no fear of outflow of public money to other member states due to economic, social and linguistic reasons and for absent litigation of patients as clients of public health insurance funds. Opportunity to require prior authorization with reimbursement was thus not used. Increasing complexity of public financing of Czech healthcare is revealed. It is unclear whether rates of reimbursement are fair and regulated prices are feasible. Recognition of pharmaceutical prescriptions and reimbursement of cross-border purchase of pharmaceuticals is also required.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: Czech digital library/Česká digitální knihovna - Institution: National Medical Library/Národní lékařská knihovna - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Prezentovaný článek popisuje první ...komplexní návrh metodiky na posuzování rozumně dosažitelné míry (RDM) protihlukových opatření. Cílem metodiky je stanovit poměr mezi náklady na protihluková opatření a přínosem těchto opatření ke snížení hlukové zátěže exponovaných osob a jeho vyhodnocení. Požadavek na stanovení RDM vychází ze zákona č. 258/2000 Sb., o ochraně veřejného zdraví a o změně některých souvisejících zákonů, ve znění pozdějších předpisů, a je nedílnou součástí žádosti o udělení časově omezeného povolení nadlimitního zdroje hluku. Metodiku je nutné podrobit odborné oponentuře a odzkoušet na různých praktických případech.- The article describes the initial comprehensive design of methodology for assessment of reasonably achievable rate (RAR) of noise control measures. The aim of the methodology is to determine a relation between expenses on noise control measures and the benefit of these measures regarding noise burden reduction in exposed persons, and to provide subsequent evaluation. A request to determine RAR is governed by Act No. 258/2000 Coll., On the Protection of Public Health and Amendments to Some Related Acts as subsequently amended, and is an inseparable part of the application for granting a temporary over-limit noise source permission. The methodology has to undergo specialised assessment and has to be tested on practical cases.- Tomáš Hellmuth, Dana Potužníková, Peter Bednarčík, Zdeněk Fiala- Literatura- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: Czech digital library/Česká digitální knihovna - Institution: National Medical Library/Národní lékařská knihovna - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Úvod: V České republice (ČR) jsou ...pacienti s diagnózou diabetes mellitus (DM) sledováni a léčeni převážně u specialistů (přibližně 80 % v odborné diabetologické ambulanci), menší část praktickými lékaři (do 20 %). Doposud nebyl zhodnocen dlouhodobý vývoj změn preskripce metforminu a sulfonylurey v České republice a jeho konkordance s doporučenými postupy. Cíl: Porovnání vývoje preskripce metforminu (MET) a sulfonylurey (SU) v letech 2002–2006 s vývojem v letech 2010–2014 v reprezentativním vzorku populace pacientů s DM v ČR vedených v databázi Všeobecné zdravotní pojišťovny České republiky (VZP), u které bylo v roce 2014 pojištěno 63 % populace ČR. Metodika: V databázi VZP jsme identifikovali všechny osoby, které měly v letech 2002–2006 a 2010–2014 záznam o diagnóze DM (E10–E16 podle MKN 10) nebo předpis jakékoliv antidiabetické terapie (ATC skupina A10). Pro analýzu byl extrahován soubor osob, které měly v daném roce předepsanou nejméně jednou látku ze skupiny A10 (308 962 evidovaných v roce 2002 a 426 695 evidovaných v roce 2014). Pro každý rok byl vyhodnocen počet osob, které měly předepsán nejméně jednou MET nebo SU. Počet osob léčených MET nebo SU byl pak vyjádřen v procentech ze všech, kteří měli v daném roce předepsanou jakoukoliv terapii ze skupiny A10. Výsledky: Preskripce metforminu stoupá lineárně ze 43 % na 77 %, preskripce sulfonylurey se lineárně snižuje z 65 % na 37 %. Závěr: Naše analýza je prvním zhodnocením vývoje preskripce metforminu v ČR a zhodnocením její konkordance s doporučenými postupy pro léčbu DM. Preskripce metforminu v ČR se zvýšila mezi roky 2002–2014 ze 43 % na 77 % a preskripce SU se snížila z 65 % na 37 %. Tento vývoj a aktuální poměr preskripce MET a SU je potvrzením implementace doporučených postupů do praxe a důkazem vysoké kvality péče o pacienty s DM2T v České republice. Klíčová slova: diabetes mellitus 2. typu – metformin – sulfonylurea- Introduction: In the Czech Republic, patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are followed and treated predominantly by specialists (approx. 80% at a specialist diabetology clinic), a minor part by general practitioners (up to 20%). Long-term development of the changes in prescribing metformin and sulfonylurea in the Czech Republic and its concordance with recommended procedures has not been evaluated until now. Goal: Comparison of the development of metformin (MET) and sulfonylurea (SU) prescriptions in the period of 2002–2006 with that of 2010–2014 in a representative sample of the patient population with DM kept in the database of the General Health Insurance Company of the Czech Republic (VZP) which provided health care coverage for 63% of Czech Republic population in 2014. Methodology: We identified all individuals in the VZP database who had a record of DM diagnosis (E10 – E16 based on ICD 10) or who had any antidiabetic therapy prescribed (ATC group A10) in the periods of 2002–2006 and 2010–2014. A cohort of patients was extracted for analysis, who had an agent from A10 group prescribed at least once in a relevant year (n = 308 962 in 2002; n = 426 695 in 2014). A number of patients was evaluated for each year, who had at least once MET or SU prescribed. The number of patients treated with MET or SU was then expressed as a percentage of all who had any therapy from A10 group prescribed in the year in question. Results: Metformin prescriptions have linearly risen from 43% to 77%, while sulfonylurea prescriptions have linearly decreased from 65% to 37%. Conclusion: The analysis presents the first evaluation of the development of metformin prescriptions conducted in the Czech Republic and evaluation of its concordance with the recommended procedures for the treatment of DM. The amount of metformin prescribed in the Czech Republic increased from 43% to 77% while the amount of SU prescribed decreased from 65% to 37% between 2002 and 2014. This development and the current ratio between the prescribed amounts of MET and SU demonstrate the implementation of the recommended procedures into practice and prove the high quality of care for patients with DM2T in specialists – diabetologists‘ surgeries. Key words: type 2 diabetes mellitus – metformin – sulfonylurea- Denisa Janíčková-Žďarská, Petr Honěk, Ladislav Dušek, Tomáš Pavlík, Milan Kvapil- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
