This article focuses on Tagore's translations of medieval saint-poets, writing in different Indian languages, to examine his attempts at "impossible" boundary crossings, from the medieval to the ...modern, the local to the transregional, and the sacred to the literary. These translations are considered in terms of multilinguality, vernacularization and the democratization of literature, collaborative translation, and Tagore's contribution to the ongoing process of constructing a South Asian "modernity" for his own times. They destabilize distinctions between "classical" and "popular", secular and sacred, erotic and mystical, textual and performative. They can be read as "transcreations", often involving unorthodox collaborative methods. They challenge conventional translation theories privileging fidelity, singular authorship and the authority of the "original". Tagore's translations provide a dynamic model for a potential contemporary rethinking of the role of translation in South Asian literary history.
Travelling is a common subject and motif throughout the works of Indian poet, philosopher and artist Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941). Tagore travelled across India and the world throughout his life, ...especially after winning the Nobel Prize for Literature. He often wrote of his journeys and their lessons in letters, memoirs, and essays and frequently used travelling and related themes as metaphors or allusions in written and visual works. Travelling between inner and outer realms, home and world, was especially illuminating, offering him inspiration and new perspectives. This discussion traces the theme of travel across Tagore's career, examining references to travelling in four different genres in Tagore's oeuvre - early travel letters, a mid-life memoir, his prize-winning poetry and paintings made later in life. These and related works are used to show how the act and idea of travel profoundly influenced Tagore's life and works, shaping his political, educational and creative philosophies.
George Eliot was read in select circles of the English‐educated colonial Bengali intelligentsia but her popularity was never unqualified. Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941) in an 1882 essay recalls with ...admiration the passage in Middlemarch about a squirrel's heartbeat, but in an 1892 essay he compares her novels to a jackfruit (a large tropical multiple fruit) and suggests that each of her novels can be helpfully divided into several smaller ones. In the Bengali novel Kahake (‘Whom?’; 1898) by Tagore's elder sister Swarnakumari Debi Ghosal (1855–1932), later translated into English as An Unfinished Song (1913) by the author herself, four Bengali characters appear to be familiar with George Eliot's novels and one of these characters even claims George Eliot to be as great as Shakespeare in her own realm. But the enthusiasm shown by this fictional character was not necessarily replicated by real‐life Bengali readers of English novels in the long nineteenth century. Standard histories of Bengali literature never register George Eliot to be a major influence on the Bengali novel. Besides, her novels were hardly adapted in Bengali. The case made by some critics that Tagore's epic novel Gora (1909–1910) was palpably influenced by Felix Holt, the Radical is not widely accepted. A 1909 article published in the monthly Prabasi calls Tagore the ‘George Eliot of Bengal’ because of the similarity between Tagore and George Eliot as regards the attention they give to the exploration of human psychology in their novels. The same article declares that George Eliot's novels are for the refined intellect and likely to be detested by the common reader. This article also observes that George Eliot's novels have been profitably read by many as lessons in psychology. This comment signals another tendency in the Bengali reception of George Eliot, that of hailing her as a (female) sage. This tendency is also seen in an 1885 article published in the monthly Bharati, which discusses her non‐fictional writing especially with respect to her affinity with Comte's Positivism and mentions her novels only in passing. The comments on George Eliot generated by the colonial Bengali elite seem to be aware of her gender but consistently highlight the intellectual appeal of her corpus irrespective of her gendered identity.
Examining the filmmaker Satyajit Ray’s engagements with religious questions with reference to his films Devi (The Goddess), Mahapurush (The Holy Man), Ashani Sanket (Distant Thunder), Sadgati ...(Deliverance) and Ganashatru (A Public Enemy), this essay assesses the influence of Ray’s Brahmo inheritance, his personal atheism/agnosticism and his cultural fascination with Hinduism in his representations of women’s status and caste discrimination. It concludes that although Ray’s approach to Hinduism was far from one-dimensional or sectarian, its negative social consequences were emphasized more in his work than any positive role it might play in society and culture.
Published between 1907 and 1910, Rabindranath Tagore’s novel Gora reflects its author’s evolving cultural, political, and ideological views in the first decade of the twentieth century. This period ...was significant not only for Tagore’s engagement in and disenchantment with the Swadeshi movement, but also in terms of his critical assessment of the viability of a Hindu cultural-national identity for India. Reading the novel in the light of some of his relevant writings in and around the 1900s, this essay puts Tagore’s exploration of Hindu identity into perspective in order to distinguish it from the exclusionary Hindutva ideologies later promoted and popularized in Indian politics. Using a dialogic method in the novel, Tagore pits a limited, divisive, and communalist Hindu ideology against an open, liberal, and alternative Hindu selfhood for India which is compatible with the universal-humanist perspective propounded at the end. Despite endorsing the latter perspective, Tagore nevertheless reveals his concerns and uncertainties about the position of minority communities and outsiders within that holistic paradigm of Indian identity.
Five Poems Chakravarti, Srinjay
Delos (College Park, Md.),
10/2021, Letnik:
36, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Jibanananda Das (1899-1954) was a Bengali poet, novelist, and essayist. He is considered the pre-eminent and most-loved Bengali poet after Rabindranath Tagore. Apart from poems, he wrote several ...novels and a large number of short stories. He was educated at Presidency College, Calcutta, and obtained an MA degree in English from Calcutta University. He also studied law. He later taught English at various colleges. Das died on Oct 22, 1954, eight days after he was hit by a tramcar in Calcutta. Eyewitnesses said that, though the tramcar whistled, he did not stop. Some have claimed that the accident was in fact an attempt at suicide; it appears from circumstantial evidence that this was so. The middle-class Bengali, especially after the Second World War and the Partition of the country and the state in 1947, was in a state of fatalistic shock. Das's poems, with their understated, subtle pathos, naturally found an eager readership. Here, Chakravarti presents a poems.
The British Romantics and American Transcendentalists were deeply influenced by translations of Indian philosophical and literary texts. These writers in turn influenced English-educated Indians in ...the late colonial period. Living at opposite ends of the globe at different times and in vastly different societies, Thoreau and Tagore, in different but overlapping ways, drew on the Hindu concept of rebirth to explore human relationships with non-human animals. This essay presents an overview of their imaginative forays in this regard, and examines in particular Thoreau’s translation of an extract from the ancient Sanskrit text, the
Harivaṃsha
and Tagore’s story
Strīr Patra
(A Wife’s Letter).
In recent years a lot of books and manuals have been written about Bharatanatyam classical dance style. Detailed information about the immense Contributions of Late Guru Shri Kubernath Tanjorkar, ...Late Smt. Anjali Merh, and Professor C.V. Chandrasekhar in the development of Bharatanatyam dance, should also be highlighted and recorded in the history of dance. Therefore the objective will be to find out real facts and bring in notice the great contribution of the three Gurus, for the people who are interested in the art form of dance, dance students and future generations.
The amount of liver fibrosis usually correlates with portal pressure, which is measured as the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG). The fact that portal pressure significantly decreases after ...treatment may increase cirrhotic patients' long-term survival suggests that measuring HVPG may offer specific information for outcome prediction. The study thus seeks to determine the relationship between the level of the HVPG and endoscopic and clinical parameters in decompensated chronic liver disease (CLD).
Thirty patients with CLD were studied and subjected to serum creatinine, total bilirubin, serum sodium, serum albumin, prothrombin time (PT), international normalized ratio (INR), esophagogastroduodenoscopy (upper gastrointestinal (UGI) endoscopy), and transjugular or transfemoral catheterization for HVPG measurement, and Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score were calculated.
The results indicates a strong positive connection between MELD and HVPG, which is statistically significant (r=0.754; p<0.001). Similarly, CTP and HVPG also exhibit a significant positive association (r=0.793; p<0.001) suggesting a link between the severity of liver disease. Additionally, the moderate positive correlation for encephalopathy has a significant value (r=0.584; p=0.001), while the weak positive correlations for serum bilirubin, INR, and HVPG have non-significant values (r=0.244; p=0.194, and r=0.375; p=0.041, respectively). A strong negative connection between serum albumin and HVPG was also found (r=0.546; p=0.005) suggesting a relationship between worsening liver function.
In patients with decompensated CLD, the severity of the CLD as measured by the CTP and MELD score corresponds with HVPG, and higher HVPG associated with severe CLD and severe ascites, large varices, and variceal hemorrhage. Higher HVPG in cirrhotic patients also suggests the existence of sequelae, such as varices, severe ascites, and severe hepatic encephalopathy, although HVPG has little bearing on the underlying cause.
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