In this paper, we aimed to compare the predictive validity of two models of temperament structure: the one proposed within Strelau's Regulative Theory of Temperament (RTT) and the other developed by ...Strus, Ponikiewska and Cieciuch as a reconceptualization of the RTT fundamental temperament dimensions based on the insights from the temperamental Big Two and the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits. Specifically, we compared the predictive validity of these two temperament models in relation to a set of external variables related to stress (well-being, stress, PTSD, and COVID stress). The study was conducted on a Polish sample (N = 336, age range 17–65). We found that the reconceptualized temperament dimensions allow for better predictions of well-being, stress, and PTSD than the RTT ones.
The aim of the present study is to evaluate the role of individual affective temperaments as clinical predictors of bipolarity in the clinical setting.
The affective temperaments of 1723 consecutive ...adult outpatients presenting for various symptoms to a university-based mental health clinical setting were assessed. Patients were administered the Hypomania Checklist-32 and the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego - Auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A) and were diagnosed by psychiatrists according to the DSM-5 criteria. TEMPS-A scores were studied as both continuous and normalized categorical
-scores from a previously established nationwide study on the general population of Lebanon. Simple and multiple binary logistic regressions were done on patients who have any of the DSM-5 defined bipolar types, as a combined group or separately, versus patients without any bipolar diagnosis.
At the multivariable level and taking into account all temperaments, the irritable temperament is a consistent predictor of bipolar I and bipolar II disorders. Cyclothymic temperament also played a strong role in bipolarity but more decisively so in bipolar II and substance-induced bipolarity. The hyperthymic temperament had no role in bipolar I or bipolar II disorder.
The paper explores the hierarchical structure of temperament with the inclusion of a wide catalog of temperamental constructs derived from eight different theoretical models. Analyses were conducted ...on a group of 412 participants aged from 16 to 79 (Mage = 28.49, SDage = 11.64), administrating nine well-established measures of temperament, with a representation of 34 different constructs. An eight-level hierarchical structure of temperament was obtained using a top-down procedure. The results are discussed twofold: (1) relating the subsequent levels of the obtained structure to the existing theories and models of temperament, and (2) regarding possible identification of the most general dimensions of temperament, that percolate the abundant catalogs of its specific constructs. The latter—considering both an empirical and theoretical perspectives—resulted in the emergence of the Big Two broad factors, being recognized as two fundamental dimensions of temperament. The first factor (Neuroticism/Emotionality) refers to general (negative) emotionality and susceptibility to react with negative affect, whereas the second (Extraversion/Sensation Seeking) is expressed in broadly understood activity and its diversity, as well as high stimuli value of functioning.
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•Temperament can be meaningfully described by an eight-level structure.•Different levels of hierarchy correspond with various theories of temperament.•The Big Two of temperament was identified.•These are Neuroticism/Emotionality and Extraversion/Sensation Seeking.
Background and aim: Based upon a person-centred approach, there is a growing interest in neurobiological transdiagnostic factors, such as reactive temperament (Behavioral Inhibition (BIS) and ...Behavioral Activation Systems (BAS)) and regulatory processes (Effortful Control (EC)). Three temperament-based personality types (Resilient, Undercontrolled and Overcontrolled type (RUO)) have been replicated in adolescents and younger adults with several clinical problems; with the resilient type (highest scores on EC) consistently showing less psychological symptoms. However, these RUO types have not been studied yet in older adults with mental disorders. Therefore, the current study investigates (1) whether these RUO types can be replicated based on the aforementioned reactive and regulative temperamental factors in older inpatients and (2) whether a higher EC is related to the presence of less psychopathology. Methods: The EC, BIS/BAS, SCL-90-R and ADP-IV questionnaires were administered to 96 older patients (<= 60 years) admitted to a psychiatric hospital. Results: Cluster analysis resulted in a solution of three atypical types: a Resilient type (low BIS, mean BAS, high EC), a Dysregulated type (high BIS, high BAS, low EC) and an “Apathic” type (mean BIS, low BAS, mean EC). Comparison of means revealed that the Resilient type has the highest scores on EC and shows less clinical symptoms and maladaptive personality traits. Discussion: Of the 3 RUO types, only the Resilient type was fully replicated in older psychiatric patients. Strengthening EC might be useful as an additional therapy in order to reduce clinical symptoms, possibly leading to a better treatment outcome.
Disclosure
No significant relationships.
This paper critically reviews the unidimensional construct of General Arousal as utilised by models of temperament in differential psychology for example, to underlie 'Extraversion'. Evidence ...suggests that specialization within monoamine neurotransmitter systems contrasts with the attribution of a "general arousal" of the Ascending Reticular Activating System. Experimental findings show specialized roles of noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin systems in hypothetically mediating three complementary forms of arousal that are similar to three functional blocks described in classical models of behaviour within kinesiology, clinical neuropsychology, psychophysiology and temperament research. In spite of functional diversity of monoamine receptors, we suggest that their functionality can be classified using three universal aspects of actions related to expansion, to selection-integration and to maintenance of chosen behavioural alternatives. Monoamine systems also differentially regulate analytic vs. routine aspects of activities at cortical and striatal neural levels. A convergence between main temperament models in terms of traits related to described functional aspects of behavioural arousal also supports the idea of differentiation between these aspects analysed here in a functional perspective.
Objective: Behavioral inhibition (BI) has been associated with increased risk for developing social anxiety disorder (SAD); however, the degree of risk associated with BI has yet to be systematically ...examined and quantified. The goal of the present study was to quantify the association between childhood BI and risk for developing SAD. Method: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify studies that assessed both BI and SAD. Meta-analyses were performed to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of the association between BI and SAD in children. Results: Seven studies met inclusion criteria. BI was associated with a greater than sevenfold increase in risk for developing SAD (odds ratio = 7.59, p less than 0.00002). This association remained significant even after considering study differences in temperament assessment, control group, parental risk, age at temperament assessment, and age at anxiety diagnosis. Conclusions: Identifying early developmental risk factors is critical for preventing psychiatric illness. Given that 15% of all children show extreme BI, and that almost half of these inhibited children will eventually develop SAD, we propose that BI is one of the largest single risk factors for developing SAD. (Contains 3 figures and 2 tables.)
Agentive steadfastness was identified as a potential trait marker with which to anticipate prognostically that a patient will persevere steadfastly and take congruent action in facing the demands of ...living. Taken as an enduring expression of personality, this study investigated agentive steadfastness among adult social media respondents (n = 511) in relation to temperament and character as captured in Cloninger's psychobiological model of personality.
Participants recruited though snowball sampling on social media platforms, applied the 27-item Agentive Steadfastness Index (ASI) and the 240-item Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-R-240).
Agentive steadfastness was statistically predicted by the Self-directedness (β = 0.634), Self-transcendence (β = 0.119), Harm Avoidance (β = -0.142) and the Reward Dependence (β = 0.071) scales, accounting for 63.3 % of the variance in one stepwise regression model. In another stepwise model for the TCI-R-240 subscales, the Purposeful (β = 0.359), Anticipatory Worry (β = -0.353), and the Responsibility (β = 0.259) subscales accounted for respectively 56.8 %, 11.2 % and 2.8 % of the variance in ASI scores.
Results are limited to adult social media respondents who were willing to participate.
Agentive steadfastness may serve as a trait marker of well-being and the good prognostic associations that have been established for high self-directedness, low harm avoidance, as well as resilience, and character strengths. It may be assessed clinically to anticipate prognostically the extent to which a patient will persevere steadfastly and take congruent action in facing the demands of living and adversity.
•Agentive steadfastness was positively predicted by self-directedness and self-transcendence.•Agentive steadfastness was negatively predicted by harm avoidance.•Agentive steadfastness correlated strongly with resilience and character strengths.•Agentive steadfastness may serve as a trait marker of well-being and a good prognosis.
Temperament consists of multi-dimensional traits that affect various domains of human life. Evidence has shown functional connectome-based predictive models are powerful predictors of cognitive ...abilities. Putatively, individuals' innate temperament traits may be predictable by unique patterns of brain functional connectivity (FC) as well. However, quantitative prediction for multiple temperament traits at the individual level has not yet been studied. Therefore, we were motivated to realize the individualized prediction of four temperament traits (novelty seeking NS, harm avoidance HA, reward dependence RD and persistence PS) using whole-brain FC. Specifically, a multivariate prediction framework integrating feature selection and sparse regression was applied to resting-state fMRI data from 360 college students, resulting in 4 connectome-based predictive models that enabled prediction of temperament scores for unseen subjects in cross-validation. More importantly, predictive models for HA and NS could be successfully generalized to two relevant personality traits for unseen individuals, i.e., neuroticism and extraversion, in an independent dataset. In four temperament trait predictions, brain connectivities that show top contributing power commonly concentrated on the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus. Finally, across independent datasets and multiple traits, we show person's temperament traits can be reliably predicted using functional connectivity strength within frontal-subcortical circuits, indicating that human social and behavioral performance can be characterized by specific brain connectivity profile.
•Development of connectome-based predictive models for four temperament metrics.•Temperaments can be characterized by functional connections within the frontal-subcortical circuits.•Prediction of harm avoidance can be generalized to neuroticism in new independent dataset.•Prediction of novelty seeking can be generalized to extraversion in new independent dataset.
The paper presents a new model of temperament structure that: (1) is built on the crucial assumptions of the Regulative Theory of Temperament, (2) incorporates the so called temperamental Big Two, ...(3) and uses the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits to precisely conceptualize the basic temperamental dimensions of Reactivity and Activity. As a result, the new model balancedly differentiates between energetic and temporal aspects of temperamental characteristics both at the conceptual and measurement level. In order to empirically verify the model, a new questionnaire measuring all assumed variables was developed and used together with a set of 10 well-established measures of temperament (including Formal Characteristic of Behavior – Temperament Inventory – Revised) in a sample of 412 participants (55.5% females; Mage = 28.49, SDage = 11.64). The obtained results support the validity of the new temperament measure, synthesizing potential of the new model, as well as the claim that Reactivity and Activity (in our conceptualization and operationalization) can indeed be treated as fundamental dimensions of temperament, as they turned out to be highly correlated (≈ .80) with two factors extracted from all other temperamental measures used in the study. Theoretical implications and possibilities of the new model are discussed.
•A new model of temperament structure was introduced and verified.•Reactivity and Activity are orthogonal fundamental metadimensions of temperament.•Energetic and temporal facets are present in each pole of Reactivity and Activity.•Reactivity and Activity correspond to CPM's Gamma and Delta personality metatraits.•Reactivity and Activity highly correlate (≈ .80) with the temperamental Big Two.
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