Nel Duecento e Trecento i governi comunali e signorili di Padova, Treviso, Verona e Vicenza perseguirono il disciplinamento e l’inquadramento dei propri contadi secondo scansioni cronologiche e ...secondo modalità molto diverse. Anche dopo la costituzione – agli inizi del Quattrocento – della Terraferma veneziana, tali processi influenzarono profondamente la distribuzione dei lavori pubblici (manutenzione degli argini dei fiumi, costruzione e manutenzione di fortificazioni e di mura) e degli oneri militari fra le comunità rurali dei diversi contadi. Solo lentamente e parzialmente presero piede concetti di equità, di comparazione, di superamento dei privilegi e delle esenzioni, di interesse generale, grazie anche all’organizzazione da parte delle comuni- tà rurali di istituzioni rappresentative (i Territori). L’atteggiamento del governo veneziano fu caratterizzato da grande prudenza e rispetto dello status quo; fu più propenso ad una distribuzione generalizzata ed equa degli oneri fra tutte le comunità rurali per grandi opere di esclusivo interesse della Dominante, come i grandi lavori svolti, a fine Quattrocento, per la deviazione del fiume Brenta dalla laguna veneta.
We introduce and describe a new software infrastructure TerraFERMA, the Transparent Finite Element Rapid Model Assembler, for the rapid and reproducible description and solution of coupled ...multiphysics problems. The design of TerraFERMA is driven by two computational needs in Earth sciences. The first is the need for increased flexibility in both problem description and solution strategies for coupled problems where small changes in model assumptions can lead to dramatic changes in physical behavior. The second is the need for software and models that are more transparent so that results can be verified, reproduced, and modified in a manner such that the best ideas in computation and Earth science can be more easily shared and reused. TerraFERMA leverages three advanced open‐source libraries for scientific computation that provide high‐level problem description (FEniCS), composable solvers for coupled multiphysics problems (PETSc), and an options handling system (SPuD) that allows the hierarchical management of all model options. TerraFERMA integrates these libraries into an interface that organizes the scientific and computational choices required in a model into a single options file from which a custom compiled application is generated and run. Because all models share the same infrastructure, models become more reusable and reproducible, while still permitting the individual researcher considerable latitude in model construction. TerraFERMA solves partial differential equations using the finite element method. It is particularly well suited for nonlinear problems with complex coupling between components. TerraFERMA is open‐source and available at http://terraferma.github.io, which includes links to documentation and example input files.
Key Points
We present new software for more reproducible and reusable solutions of multiphysics problems
The software leverages advanced parallel computational libraries
TerraFERMA is open source and available at http://terraferma.github.io
This article analyzes the encounters between European citizens and undocumented migrants in three European migration films - Eternity and a Day (Theo Angelopoulos, 1998, France/ Italy/ Greece/ ...Germany), Welcome (Philippe Lioret, 2009, France) and Terraferma (Emanuele Crialese, 2011, Italy/ France) - in order to explore a paternalistic tendency in European cinema's representation of migration from the 1990s and onward. As these films shot by European filmmakers raise awareness about the predicament of child-migrants, the challenges of life in refugee camps, and quotidian forms of discrimination, they also utilize the Other-in-need as an avatar in order to construct a compassionate European identity, one firmly devoted to humanitarian ideals. In these Southern European films, migrant characters and their agency are taken down to he goal of survival facing extremely dangerous situations to make it to a utopian space in Northern Europe. While spectators observe the magnitude of the migrants' plight, victimization disenfranchises their communities and reinforces their status as precarious subjects fated to permanently orbit the borders of Europe.
Using the award-winning film Terraferma as a cultural and political text in comparison with the media coverage of the nonfictional immigration crisis in the Mediterranean, the author of this research ...project exercises ideological criticism toward the European Union (EU). This essay examines how and why Italian state institutions and policies are unable to tackle the unfolding immigration crisis. It also addresses particularities and possibilities of communication dynamics between the local population on the island of Lampedusa and the incoming immigrant population from North Africa. Ultimately, this research project comparatively studies factual and fictional media representations of the African Other and their methodological and epistemological impact on the multicultural dynamics in the EU.
Gradnja tvrđave sv. Nikole na ulazu u šibenski kanal sv. Ante započeta je na samom kraju tzv. trećeg mletačko-osmanski rata 1540. godine kao odgovor Venecije na sve jaču osmansku pomorsku silu. Osim ...po arhivskim podatcima, to se prepoznaje i po dvama reljefima krilatog lava sv. Marka koji se nalaze u metopama friza glavnog ulaznog portala tvrđave. Golemu skulpturu krilatog lava sv. Marka, koja je stajala iznad glavnog portala tvrđave, a bačena je za vrijeme francuske uprave u Dalmaciji, vratio je austrijski car Franjo I. na izvorno mjesto. Grafike i natpis na tvrđavi ukazuju i na učestale obnove i ojačavanja tvrđave i u prvoj polovini 17. stoljeća. Moguće je da se radi o obrambenom jačanju postojećih kliješta između polubastiona tvrđave okrenutih kopnu. Šibenska Velika kopnena vrata (Porta terraferma) između nekadašnjeg bastiona Bernardi i današnje zgrade Kazališta predstavljala su složenu obrambenu arhitekturu na mjestu srednjovjekovnih vrata u kojima je bila smještena vojna posada.
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