The paper examines the very beginnings of Bible Mission in Hungary within the Habsburg Empire in the first part of the nineteenth century. It divides the first thirty years into two major epochs: the ...one before Gottlieb August Wimmer, Lutheran pastor of Felsőlövő (Oberschützen) and agent of the British and Foreign Bible Society (BFBS) and the one characterized by his work until the revolution of 1848. In the paper, I summarize the main obstacles of Bible Mission both political and religious as well as the main achievements and formations of policies and practices that still define Bible Mission of the Bible Societies in all around the world. The work of BFBS in Hungary in this period was also intertwined with the formative period of the Budapest Scottish Mission, a topic that I also touch in the paper.
This study examines the parallel consequences of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the food shortage in connection with the disintegration of the Habsburg Empire and the rise of the Social ...Democrats.It also presents and compares both State and Social Democratics Parties’ reactions in the two different parts of the Empire, the Austrian and the Hungarian. The following questions are at the center: why was the Austrian Social Democratic Party able to increase social base and gain significant political positions in the last phase of the war and why did not it all happen to its Hungarian equivalent? The detailed exploration of these reasons will show through which causes Austrian Social Democracy managed to stop a dictatorship drift in 1918-19, while the Hungarian Left did not.
The use of special carpets, textiles, leatherwares and cloths produced in the Ottoman Empire (sometimes in the Balkans) became a generally accepted custom in the Hungarian households of the 16th ...century. According to the customs tariff, these goods were constantly traded. A small part of them was transported to the markets of Vienna and other western European cities by Hungarian, Serb and Ragusan merchants. Serb soldiers (called Rác by the Hungarians) settled down in the fortress town of Győr and Komárom (situated on the western part of Hungary) already in the 16th century. At the beginning of the 17th century, they started to pursue civil occupations and acquire citizenship in increasing number. It was at about the same time that the first representatives of the merchants, who were called “Greeks”, appeared. Both groups came to play a vital role in the transit trade linking West and East. In the mid-17th century, the “Greek” (i.e. Orthodox) merchants founded independent companies operating with limited autonomy in the eastern part of the Hungarian Kingdom and in Transylvania. These companies developed into significant trading centres of Hungary in the 18th century.
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