Since The Lord of the Rings was adapted by Peter Jackson into trilogy film in 2001-03, it has astounded its critics and gratified its fans and students. Many critical journals or graduation papers ...have also talked about this massive novel. After doing a lot of reading concerning these reviews, it’s clear that most of them analyze this work using psychoanalytical criticism; myth and archetypal criticism; cultural studies, and recently ecocriticism. Among these theories, psychoanalytic interpretation mainly focuses on Freud’s key ideas, namely the id; ego; and superego. According to Freud’s theory that: “Psychoanalytic literary criticism is not simply about interpreting a text’s protagonists. It also seeks to relate the text to the mind of its author.”(Berg, 2003, p.84). In this circumstance, this paper will probably dig some new insights by using this theory. The paper will follow the protagonist’s inner mind through employing Freud’s some key ideas, such as repression and projection. Based upon psychoanalytic analysis of the protagonists, this paper tries to argue that the three Hobbits can acquire happiness as long as they deal properly with the relationship between themselves and the society. In other words, common people can also push the wheel of history as long as they code well with themselves and the society.
This survey explores the problem of studying plant names. The first part deals with the main aspects of studying phytonyms in Russian. The use of phytonyms as a feature of author’s individual style ...is noted as one important aspect of a lingustic approach to phytonymy. The second part examines recent research on the “botanical” theme in J. R. R. Tolkien’s writings. This section focuses on the book Flora of Middle-Earth: Plants of J. R. R. Tolkien’s Legendarium by Walter S. & Graham A. Judd (2017). This work can be considered as the only complete lexicographic description of phytonyms in the author’s individual style. In the third part, some linguistic observations of the book are illustrated with examples from five Russian translations of Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings. Some flaws in the translations could be related to the insufficient knowledge of Russian phytonyms, as well as to the phenomenon of ‘plant blindness’.
The concept of schizotypy or "psychosis proneness" captures individual differences in perceptual, cognitive, and affective experiences that may relate to a range of psychotic disorders. The concept ...is an important way to assess the contribution of pre-existing psychological and genetically based biological features to the development of illnesses such as schizophrenia (so called endophenotypes). The Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE) is a widely used multi-dimensional measure of the construct and consists of four scales which mirror several groups of psychotic symptoms: Unusual Experiences (UnEx; positive symptoms), Cognitive Disorganization (CogDis; cognitive symptoms), Introvertive Anhedonia (IntAn; negative symptoms), and Impulsive Nonconformity (ImpNon; impulsive and antisocial symptoms). For the purpose of evaluating the suitability of schizotypy as an endophenotype of schizophrenia the current version of the O-LIFE was translated into German: its psychometric properties (including re-test reliability and construct validity) were examined in a large sample (n > 1200) and compared to those of the English original. The German version was both highly reliable and consistent with the original. The study aimed to show that schizotypy as measured by the O-LIFE can indeed be regarded as an endophenotype of schizophrenia in terms of genetic associations regarding relevant dopamine-related candidate polymorphisms of schizotypy i.e., Val(158)Met-polymorphism of the COMT gene, uVNTR of the MAOA gene, Taq1A-polymorphism of the DRD2 gene, VNTR of the SLC6A3 (DAT) gene. We also wanted to compare the genetic associations of the O-LIFE to those published using other operationalizations of schizotypy. Our results show a large number of significant associations and borderline-significant trends between the O-LIFE sub-scales and a range of genes, thereby supporting using the O-LIFE in the search for endophenotypic markers.
J. R. R. Tolkien – žinomas filologas, senosios anglų kalbos ir jai giminiškų Šiaurės Europos kalbų ekspertas. Jis taip pat žinomas kaip uolus katalikas. Daugelis autorių, tokių kaip Flieger, Coutras ...ir Bernthal pažymi, kad Tolkien mitologijoje daug krikščioniškų įvaizdžių ir temų. Bet nei vienas iš minėtų autorių giliau nepalietė šviesos, kaip biblinio simbolio temos, nors ji persmelkia visą Tolkien mitologiją. Šventajame Rašte šviesa visuomet yra šventumo, gėrio, pažinimo, išminties, malonės, vilties ir Dievo apreiškimo simbolis. Tamsa Biblijoje atstovauja blogį, nuodėmę, neviltį, atskyrimą nuo Dievo malonės ir palaiminimų. Viename iš savo laiškų Tolkien rašo, kad „Žiedų valdovas” iš esmės yra religinis ir katalikiškas veikalas. Pasak autoriaus,krikščionybė persmelkia visą kūrinio siužetą ir simboliką. Ir nors daug autorių studijavo krikščioniškas temas Tolkien kūryboje, šviesos, kaip biblinio simbolio, tema dar nėra pakankamai atskleista. Drįstu teigti, kad šviesos įvaizdžiai knygose „Silmarijonas” ir „Žiedų valdovas” yra susiję su bibline šviesos simbolika ir taip pat, kaip Biblijoje, įkūnija ir simbolizuoja Dievo apreiškimą. Kadangi šia tema yra daug daugiau medžiagos, negu galima sutalpinti trumpame straipsnyje, čia apsiribojama trimis esminiais punktais. Pirma, mitologinė šventoji sukūrimo Šviesa, perduota per du medžius ir Silmarilus, yra ta pati pirmapradė Šviesa, apie kurią kalbama Šventojo Rašto Pradžios knygos pirmo skyriaus ketvirtoje eilutėje. Apie natūralios saulės ir mėnulio šviesos sukūrimą kalbama vėliau. Idėja apie dvi skirtingas šviesos rūšis suteikia galimybę žiūrėti į šviesą kaip į dvasinių dalykų apraišką arba natūralų dalyką. Natūrali šviesa, tamsa ir ugnis atstovauja gėrį arba blogį. Antra, kadangi natūrali šviesa ir tamsa atstovauja gėrį ir blogį, jų poveikis skirtingiems veikėjams taip pat atspindi Biblinę simboliką. Trečia, Tolkien herojai: Earendilas, Galadrielė, Frodo ir Semas, susiję su Šventa šviesa, iliustruoja kaip Dievo Šviesa yra stiprybės ir vilties šaltinis. Šie trys punktai apie šviesos simboliką atskleidžia, kad nors Tolkien krikščioniška pasaulėžiūra ir tikėjimas knygose „Silmarijonas” ir „Žiedų valdovas” nėra aiškiai įvardyti, tačiau, yra visiškai akivaizdūs.
Flieger asserts that in this essay I propose to fit together two examples of J.R.R. Tolkien's story-telling art. United chiefly by their difference, each is a trial venture into the art of ...mythmaking: one an experiment in omission, the other in commission. Each offers a different window into the workshop where the artist practiced his craft. A point to remember is that Tolkien was writing with hindsight. The long perspective of "once upon a time" gives the impression of a fait accompli, whereas the "more or less connected legend" he referred to was actually in a constant flux of revision, and was still unfinished when he died in 1973. Christopher Tolkien's 1983-1996 History of Middle-Earth, with its painstaking unpacking of his father's constantly revised material, did much to undo this impression, and his publication in separate volumes of The Children of Hurin, Beren and Luthien, and The Fall of Gondolin, presenting from 2007 to 2018 the great tales from earliest to latest.
This paper presents a systemic-functional contrastive analysis of an original English text - a chapter, 'The Land of Shadow' from J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings - and its Spanish ...translation, 'El País de la Sombra', focusing on the shifts in translation of representations of motion and of saying. These two realms of experience provide an interesting contrast in terms of experiential complexity, as more transitivity parameters are expected to be involved in construing human experience of motion through three-dimensional space than of speech events. From this we can predict (a) that there will be greater differences in the translation of representations of motion than in the translation of representations of saying, and (b) that the differences in the representation of motion will largely reflect the systemic differences between two languages. Our analysis demonstrates that translation shifts in the area of verbs of saying are relatively insignificant whereas the translation of representations of motion extends over the scale from no shift to considerable shift, depending on the extent to which the systems of English and Spanish differ in their modeling of the experience of motion through space and that there tend to be shifts where systemic differences necessitate such shifts.
Este trabajo presenta un estudio descriptivo de los proyectos lingüísticos artificiales construidos para la literatura y el cine en los siglos xx y xxi. Por un lado, se establece una aproximación a ...las lenguas inventadas por J. R. R. Tolkien con el fin de advertir algunos de los principios de su invención lingüística. Por otro, se traza un recorrido por algunos de los proyectos de lenguas artísticas pensados para el ámbito cinematográfico; entre ellos, se analizan el klingon, el na'vi, el dothraki, el valyrio, el pársel y el minionés. Finalmente, este estudio permite observar qué métodos o criterios han utilizado estos inventores de lenguas para elaborar sus esquemas lingüísticos y cómo estos se encuentran irremediablemente influenciados por la cultura a la que se asocian.
Animism as an Approach to Arda Evans, K. Durwood
International journal of applied linguistics & English literature,
07/2019, Letnik:
8, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Here we examine qualities of what would be thought of as inanimate beings that lend evidence to the position that J.R.R. Tolkien’s fictional universe1 is animistic. Arda is full of life, and natural ...things in it, such as mountains and rivers, are often alive or conscious. A close look at the qualities of the stars in particular yields further evidence in favor of animism as a foundational ontology of Arda.
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