Dolina Triglavskih jezer Brancelj, Anton; Dakskobler, Igor; Erhartič, Bojan ...
Geografija Slovenije,
2015
eBook
Odprti dostop
In 1924, the Triglav Lakes Valley was designated a protected area, which is today part of the central area of extensive Triglav National Park. The lakes give a special character to the valley, which ...also stands out for its other natural features. In terms of nonliving nature, this volume presents some of the valley’s geological, geomorphological, and hydrological characteristics, and, in terms of living nature, it presents its vegetation, focusing on botanical characteristics and forest. The volume also discusses the human presence and its impact on the appearance of the landscape.
The Fifth Triglav Lake is a remote mountain lake in the Julian Alps. The area of the Julian Alps where the lake is situated is protected by law and lies within the Triglav National Park. Mountain ...lakes in Slovenia were considered for a long time as pristine, unpolluted lakes, but analyses in the last decade revealed considerable human impact even in such remote places. Eutrophication or excessive accumulation of nutrients is the main problem of most lakes in the temperate climatic zone, also in Slovenia. Since the introduction of fish in 1991, the lake is going through a series of changes for which we do not know exactly where they lead, so the monitoring and assessment of anthropogenic activities are of great importance. For this purpose, a qualitative multiattribute decision model was developed with DEX method to assess ecological effects on the lake. The extent of the ecological effects on the lake is assessed using four main parameters: the trophic state, lake characteristics, environmental parameters, and anthropogenic stressors. Dependence of environmental impact on various external factors beyond human control, such as temperature, precipitation, retention time, and factors on which we have influence, such as the amount of wastewater and the presence of fish in the lake, were also evaluated. The following data were measured: chlorophyll a, nutrients, TP, oxygen, C/N ratio, nutrients in sediment, temperature, precipitation, retention time, and volume. We made assumptions about fish and wastewater, which we could not measure. The main contributions of this work are the designed model and the obtained findings for the Fifth Triglav Lake that can help not only scientists in understanding the complexity of lake-watershed systems and interactions among system components but also local authorities to manage and monitor the lake aquatic environment in an effective and efficient way. The model is flexible and can be also used for other lakes, assuming that the used parameters are measured and anthropogenic stressors are adjusted to a specific situation. The results of assessment are of particular interest for decision makers in protected areas, providing a new approach to the management of the quality of the water environment.
The Triglav glacier is situated in the Julian Alps in the northwest of Slovenia. Presented are the results of investigations and measurements of the Triglav glacier done between the years 1999 and ...2012. It was for the first time during this period that its depth was measured by means of georadar. Its area was measured on a yearly basis by means of various land surveying methods which are stated in detail. We explained the dynamics of the glacier’s shrinking on the grounds of weather conditions of each respective year. Due to the glacier’s concave form, snow in the past few years remained all until the late summer, particularly in the central and lower sections of the glacier. If such weather conditions continue, and the amount of winter precipitation further increases, the remainder of the Triglav glacier, though small in size, will continue to exist for a few years.
Several geological and geochemical parameters were determined in the sediments of the 5th (5 J) and 6th (6 J) Triglav Lakes, Julian Alps (NW Slovenia), in order to study the impact of natural ...catchment characteristics and anthropogenic activity. Fish were introduced into both lakes in 1991 and a mountain hut lies on the shore of 5 J. Sedimentary grain size (GS) was distinctly coarser in 5 J than 6 J, with arithmetic means ranging between 46 and 60 and 23–36 μm, respectively. In contrast, the mineralogical composition of the two sediments was similar. Calcite predominated strongly, comprising more than 77 % of total minerals, while dolomite and quartz were rare. Organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations were highest in surficial sediments, with levels of 14.4 and 1.8 %, and 19.3 and 2.4 % observed in 5 J and 6 J, respectively. C/N ratios (atomic) were lowest in the same surface sediments, with the two lakes characterized by similar values (9.6 vs. 9.4, respectively), suggesting a predominance of autochthonous organic matter (OM) in both lakes. Contemporary δ¹³C values were lower in 5 J (−21.0 ‰) than 6 J (−18.5 ‰) sediments. Considerable changes in these four parameters were observed in recently deposited material, reflecting a shift in the trophic status of both lakes that was likely induced by the introduction of fish. In addition, the smaller and shallower 6 J seemed to respond to changes faster than the larger and deeper 5 J, indicating the higher sensitivity of the former. δ¹⁵N values in surface sediments of 5 J and 6 J were −2.9 and −4.4 ‰, respectively, with levels increasing gradually with depth to approximately +1.0 ‰ in deeper sediments. The observed changes could most likely be attributed to the atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen. The mountain hut has seemingly not had a significant enough impact on the lakes to be recorded in their sediments.
Three very small Alpine glaciers in the Julian Alps are presented: the Eastern and the Western Canin glaciers in Italy and the Triglav glacier in Slovenia. The history of measurements using a ...measuring tape and via geodetic means on Canin glaciers is presented in brief; the majority of the paper deals with the acquisition of glacier boundaries from archive non-metrical images. The acquisition is based on interactive orientation method (mono-plotting) using lidar DTM. Seven archive non-metrical images of Mount Canin from 1893 to the mid-1970s and two aero-photogrametric images from periodic aerial photogrammetric surveys of Slovenia from 2000 and 2011 were used to determine the glaciers’ areas. In addition, a map of Canin glaciers from 1908 was geo-referenced. Five archive non-metrical images of Triglav glacier from 1897 to 1962 were used to determine the glacier area. Problems with obstructed areas are presented, and possible solutions are also given for deriving areas behind the obstructions. The usefulness of archival imagery for long-time monitoring of glaciers is presented, and the importance of old mountaineering publications as a source of such images is emphasized.
We measured accumulation rates of organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN) and stable carbon (δ13Corg) and nitrogen isotopes (δ15N) in the sediments of two mountain lakes (Lake Ledvica and Lake ...Planina, northwest Slovenia). Marked variations of these parameters were observed in both sediments. OC accumulation rates ranged from 4 to$23 g m^{-2} yr^{-1}$in Lake Ledvica, whereas in Lake Planina they were one order of magnitude higher and increased substantially in the upper sediments. δ13Corgand δ15N decreased upward in Lake Ledvica, from$-25.5\textperthousand$to$-28.4\textperthousand$, and from$+2.1\textperthousand$to$-3.4\textperthousand$, respectively. In contrast, substantial variations in the δ13Corgprofile, ranging from$-30.9\textperthousand$to$-37.4\textperthousand$, but a quite uniform δ15N profile of approximately$+1.8\textperthousand$, was observed in Lake Planina. Elemental and isotopic changes of bulk sedimentary organic matter in the lakes were related to changes in the past trophic state of the lakes and their watersheds, inferred by natural development of the lake ecosystems, anthropogenic activities, as well as earthquakes and forest fires. Observed changes and differences in the δ13Corgand δ15N records could be attributed to global changes in isotopic composition of atmospheric CO2and nitrate in atmospheric deposition, as well as to differences in organic matter, dissolved inorganic carbon, and dissolved inorganic nitrogen sources at various altitudes. Although Lakes Ledvica and Planina are remote mountain lakes, the sediment records showed severe eutrophication in Lake Planina, whereas in Lake Ledvica eutrophication is still moderate, thus reflecting a high sensitivity of these ecosystems to any external inputs.
This volume analyzes the relief of the Triglav Lakes Valley and evaluates the landforms in terms of nature protection. The central part of the study consists of two parts: a relief analysis and ...landform evaluation. Due to the fragmentation of relief forms, their different sizes and greater nature protection importance of areas with high density and diversity of forms, the relief is assessed according to 17 unified geomorphological units. The assessment employed the Swiss method, which comprises central (scientific) assessment criteria (rareness, representativeness, integrity and paleogeographical value) and is supplemented by additional criteria (ecological, aesthetic, cultural and economic value). The result of the relief analysis and the evaluation of geomorphological units is the cartographic, tabular, pictorial, and descriptive presentation of geomorphosites in the Triglav Lakes Valley. In addition, proposals are presented for conferring the status of natural value and protection.
PDF
