Fra Rinascimento e secolo dei lumi lo spettacolo teatrale transita dall’immagine statica della scena fissa a quella mutevole, fatta di quinte mobili che simulano la centralità di spazi disposti ...frontalmente, evolvendosi nella vista d’angolo bibienesca. Teorie e metodi della prospettiva vengono progressivamente assorbiti dalle empiriche invenzioni scenografiche, mentre i bozzetti dei singoli apparati e delle macchine che ne svelano i cinematismi, spesso, sono frammentari. Ancor più i modelli analogici, di cui rimane traccia solo in sporadiche ricostruzioni esposte nelle mostre: sono scatole magiche adatte a recuperare la dimensione dello spazio prospettico, evocando le parvenze delle messe in scena originarie. Il saggio rilegge le maquette rapportandole alle fonti iconografiche e testuali che ne hanno determinato le logiche compositive. Si analizza la fiorente letteratura che, dalla seconda metà del Cinquecento in poi, riflette sulle pratiche della teatralità, per riscoprire i fondamenti della prospettiva solida e la determinazione del punto di vista ottimale, a partire dalle regole costruttive del palco, come ad esempio si evince nei trattati di Scipione Chiaramonti e Nicola Sabbattini. Ciò consente di risalire alle reali configurazioni spaziali dei contesti in cui gli spettacoli si sono svolti, verificando anche i rapporti di proporzionalità del proscenio e dell’arco scenico, desumibili dallo studio delle antiporte e delle incisioni che accompagnano i libretti delle opere.
L’articolo tratta di elegie ed epigrammi scelti composti da Klemens Janicki, i quali contengono descrizioni di Padova, dell’Italia e di persone legate alla città di Antenore e a Venezia: Lazzaro ...Bonamico, Giovanni Battista Da Monte, Francesco Cassano, Pietro Bembo, Ludovico Dolce, Daniele Barbaro. L’Autrice sostiene che Janicki sia riuscito a creare un’immagine dell’Italia ed in particolare di Padova, una seconda patria, dove il poeta potè svilupparsi, studiare ed essere curato. Le poesie legate all’Italia e Padova contribuiscono inoltre ad arricchire la biografia letteraria di Janicki, un cittadino del mondo, un poeta laurato, uno studente allegro, un paziente felice, un amico e un collega delle persone legate alla Repubblica di Venezia nella prima metà del XVI secolo.
Inspired by Giorgio de Chirico's painting exhibited in Venice in 1948, the exhibition Le Muse Inquiete (The Disquieted Muses) celebrated the Venice Biennale's 125th anniversary. Held in the central ...pavilion, this was the first archival exhibition jointly organised by the directors of all artistic sectors of the Biennale: visual arts, cinema, theatre, dance, architecture and music. A wealth of material including letters, posters, videos, photographs and in some cases also artworks hinted at the Biennale's extensive visual history. The exhibition showcased institutional memory filtered through the narrative prism of encounters between the muses, daughters of Mnemosyne, the god of memory, and key historical episodes. The timespan started in the 1920s, presented both as a moment of historical upheaval and a turning point for the Biennale with the creation of its archives, or the institutionalisation of its own memory. This review explores the exhibition's narrative choices and shows its strategic dimension in light of the Biennale's new directorship, i.e. the strong emphasis on the institution's multidisciplinary nature and the role of its archive.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome in locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) after image-guided adaptive brachytherapy (IGABT) with combined intracavitary and interstitial ...(IC/IS) techniques using the hybrid Venezia applicator (Elekta AB, Sweden).
LACC patients (UICC Stage IIB – IVB) treated with radiochemotherapy followed by IGABT with the hybrid IC/IS Venezia applicator at a single institution were retrospectively analyzed. Treatment comprised EBRT of the pelvis with 45 Gy and concomitant weekly cisplatin chemotherapy (40 mg/m2) followed by MRI-based IGABT. Dosimetry, oncological outcome and toxicity were investigated.
Forty-six patients underwent a total of 184 fractions of IGABT between 2017 and 2020. Median follow-up was 24 months. Combined IC/IS techniques were used in 40 patients (87%). The median HRCTV volume was 31.2 cm3 and the median HRCTV D90% was 92.3 Gy (EQD210). The median D2cm3 was 74.8 Gy for bladder, 57.9 Gy for rectum, 60.0 Gy for sigmoid and 52.2 Gy for bowel (EQD23). The 3-yr actuarial rates were 97.6% for local control, 97.6% for pelvic control, 59.9% for distant metastasis-free survival and 81.6% for overall survival. The crude rate for G2 and G3 late toxicity was 21.7% and 4.3%.
IGABT with the hybrid Venezia applicator and a pronounced use of a combined IC/IS technique achieved high target doses, while maintaining low doses to organs at risk, leading to excellent local control and overall survival rates with acceptable toxicity.
•Combined intracavitary and interstitial brachytherapy achieves high target doses.•This leads to excellent local control.•Toxicity with this combined approach is acceptable.•Distant recurrence is common; improvements in distant control are warranted.
Land subsidence is a concern in many coastal plains worldwide, particularly in the low-lying areas already facing sea level rise due to climate change, and much still needs to be done, with respect ...to both mapping land subsidence and gaining a comprehensive understanding of the relevant cause-effect relationships. Land subsidence of the northern coastal plain encompassing the Friuli Venezia Giulia (FVG) region in Italy, remains, to the authors' knowledge, poorly investigated. This coastland includes low-lying agricultural and urban areas and highly valuable lagoon environments, archaeological and touristic sites, and industrial zones.
Here, we resolve land subsidence in the coastal plain between the Tagliamento River delta and the Isonzo River mouth over the period 1992–2010 using Envisat ASAR and ERS1/2 interferometric datasets. We identify a large variability of the land subsidence and a spatial gradient that ranges from less than 1mm/year in the high southwestern plain toward the littoral to more than 5mm/year close to the Tagliamento River delta. A comparison between the 2003–2010 and 1992–2000 sinking rates depicts quite similar behaviors of the process over the two time spans. The analysis indicates unclear correlations between ground movements and the typical driving mechanisms acting in the north Adriatic coastal plains, such as the variability of the morphological setting, the subsoil characteristics and the land use. We reason that multi-component mechanisms contribute to the observed image of the subsidence in the FVG coastland. Specifically, anthropogenic activities, e.g., groundwater exploitations, hydraulic reclamations and the development of newly built-up areas, are superposed to natural mechanisms related to the spatial variability of the subsoil characteristics, typical of transitional coastal environments.
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•The coastland subsides from 1 to 5 mm/yr and locally more than 10 mm/yr.•Land subsidence regional trend mainly depends on the geologic characteristics.•Cumulative 1992-2010 land subsidence exceeds 110 mm.•Uneven human-induced coastal subsidence is revealed at local scale.•Newly built-up areas subside more than older urbanization.
The oldest tide gauge observations date back to the 18th century. Although, globally, they are available in limited number, these centuries-old sea level time series are the only data records ...providing information on the long-period rates of change of the mean ocean surface. Knowledge of the past sea level behavior can contribute key insights to the understanding of climate change impacts. We highlight the greatest importance of monitoring sea-level changes at all spatial scales, from global to local, using terrestrial and space techniques and outline the physical processes, natural and man-induced, responsible for such changes. In general, tide gauge data are made available through different archiving facilities serving both international and national developments. Tide gauges measure local sea-level relative to a benchmark on land, hence, correctly interpreting these observations is challenging since it demands, among other requirements, a proper knowledge of vertical land motions at the stations. In general, it is not easy to find well documented historical data; moreover, benchmarks were not frequently leveled. For more than two decades, space geodetic techniques, such as GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) and InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar), have provided the opportunity to accurately position points in the surroundings of tide gauge sites, potentially giving rise to a large amount of information. However, despite the availability of these techniques, the evolution of the international efforts aiming at realizing consistent observational infrastructures for sea level networks is undergoing only a slow development. In the Mediterranean area, there are a few centennial tide gauge records. Our study focuses on the time series of Alicante, in Spain, Marseille, in France, Genoa, Marina di Ravenna (formerly Porto Corsini), Venice and Trieste, in Italy. After briefly reviewing the gauge types presently in use for sea level measurements, a comprehensive historical description is given for each time series, which may assist understanding an assessment of the problems these stations have experienced over more than one century of operations. Two Italian stations, Marina di Ravenna and Venice, are affected by both natural and anthropogenic subsidence, the latter was particularly intense during a few decades in the 20th century because of ground fluid withdrawal. For these two stations, we have retrieved leveling data of benchmarks close to the tide gauges from the end of the 19th century and, for the last couple of decades, we have evaluated GPS and InSAR heights in close proximity to the stations. The GPS (Global Positioning System) and SAR results were carefully compared. Modeling of the long-period non-linear behavior of subsidence was successfully accomplished by using an ensemble of leveling, GPS and SAR data. After removing the vertical land motions in Venice and Marina di Ravenna, and the inverted barometer effect at all the sites, the linear long period sea-level rates were estimated. The results are in excellent agreement ranging between +1.2 and +1.3mm/year for the overall period from the last decades of the 19th century till 2012. The associated errors, computed by accounting for serial autocorrelation, are of the order of 0.2–0.3mm/year for all stations, except Alicante, for which the error turns out to be 0.5mm/year.
Our estimated rates for the northern Mediterranean, a relatively small regional sea, are slightly lower than the global mean rate, +1.7±0.2mm/year, recently published in the IPCC AR5 (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 5th Assessment Report) (Church et al., 2013), but close enough, if uncertainties are taken into account. It is known that Mediterranean stations had always had lower trends than the global-average ones. Our regional results, however, are in close agreement with the global mean rate, +1.2mm/year, published by Hay et al. (2015) which is currently being discussed by the oceanographic community (see, for example, Hamlington and Thompson, 2015). The six time series were also analyzed by means of the EOF (Empirical Orthogonal Functions) technique over the 1934–2012 common period. As a result, about 50% of the total variance is explained by the first mode, which is characterized by a coherent behavior of the six stations.
Sul finire del Cinquecento, Venezia apre i primi teatri pubblici a pagamento, ma ciò sembra presagire una storia fallimentare, a giudicare dalle entrate delle famiglie Michiel e Tron, perché il ...successo di un seguito interrotto per circa cinquantasette anni comincia a intravvedersi, nel 1637, con la riapertura del Teatro San Cassan che prende le distanze dal genere della commedia recitata, per abbracciare il melodramma in musica. La cultura dello spettacolo si impone in laguna e a fine secolo la città ospita circa 15 teatri musicali, di cui, purtroppo, non rimangono tracce tangibili. L’articolo delinea le traiettorie per la costruzione di un archivio digitale, capace di connettere un’eterogeneità di fonti utili alla ricostruzione dei teatri, delle macchine e delle scene che li hanno animati, in modelli 3D che si configurano come performativi spazi digitali di una memoria dalla quale estrapolare le dinamiche della sua attualizzazione. In questo modo le tracce materiali e immateriali delle architetture, delle scenografie e delle macchine, che hanno caratterizzato le origini e condizionato il successivo sviluppo del teatro pubblico, diventano i paradigmi di una nuova idea della scena dello spettacolo come immagine del mondo.
Groundwater resources in the Friuli Venezia Giulia (FVG) Region (northeast Italy) are an important natural wealth in terms of quantity, quality and ease of supply. This optimal condition, however, ...has long believed that it allowed an irrational and uncontrolled exploitation that inevitably produced tangible consequences on the water resources availability.The goal of the present research is the evaluation of the sustainable use of the groundwater in the Friuli Venezia Giulia Region aimed at providing guide-lines for its rational use. The study area belongs to the hydrogeological basin of the Friuli Plain and includes part of Veneto Region and Slovenia. The plain area is divided in two parts: the High Plain (HP) characterized by a phreatic aquifer and the Low Plain (LP) where eleven confined aquifer systems were identified. The two physiographic zones are separated by the spring belt. In order to evaluate the groundwater avaliability, a 3D model of the Low Friuli Plain aquifer systems was realized using Rockworks R14 software, starting from 603 lithostratigraphic wells data. Isobath and isopach maps were elaborated using kriging geostatistical method. Precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff and infiltration were calculated to evaluate the inflow and outflow groundwater budget terms (109 rainfall and 46 thermometric stations, time series 1979-2008). To better define the river influences and the outflows at sea, a series of recent surveys on river discharges and surface withdrawals were considered. To obtain the water-budget in non-natural conditions, as the currents, were taken into account the groundwater withdrawals that were evaluated for each type of use and for each aquifer systems, starting from 2 geodatabases: one for the domestic uses (50101 estimated wells) and one for the industrial, agricultural, fish breeding, hygienic, geothermal and other minor uses (7594 wells). Well withdrawals amount were evaluated on annual base for recent periods and expressed as m3/s. The total current estimated groundwater withdrawals reach 62.4 m3/s, of which 41.1 m3/s from the confined aquifer systems in the LP area. More than 52% of the withdrawals are due to the domestic wells. For the water-budget, the studied territory was considered a “semi-closed box” in which groundwater sharings with the neighboring areas are not relevant and where the recharge is mainly due to the influent character of the river, infiltration, rainfall and irrigation practices. As result, the waterbudget for the confined LP is equal to +2.6 m3/s representing the accuracy, fairly acceptable for the scale of the research. Withdrawal entity, spring belt discharge, phreatic levels and confined aquifer’s pressure are closely interdependent and in dynamic equilibrium. The sustainability comes from the consistency and ratio between recharge and withdrawals. The confined aquifer withdrawals in the LP represent the 23.1% of the groundwater recharge coming from the HP and the 30.6% of the spring belt discharge. Seen that this last one can not further decrease, unless loss of important ecosystems, is likely to think that the present situation can be defined of limit equilibrium.
While Le Corbusier's urban projects are generally considered confrontational in their relationship to the traditional urban fabric, his proposal for the Venice hospital project remained an exercise ...in preserving the medieval fabric of the city of Venice through a systemic replication of its urban tissue. This book offers a detailed study of Le Corbusier's Venice hospital project as a plausible built entity. In addition, it analyses it in the light of its supposed affinity with the medieval urban configuration of the city of Venice. No formal attempt to date has been made to critically analyse the hospital project's design considerations in comparison to the medieval urban configuration of the city of Venice. Using a range of methodologies including those from architectural theory and history, using archival resources, on-site analysis, and interviews with important resource persons, this book is an interpretation of the conceptual basis for Le Corbusier understanding of the structural formulation of the city of Venice as mentioned in The Radiant City (1935). In doing so, it deciphers the diagrammatic analysis of the city structure found in this work into a set of coherent design modules that were applied in the hospital project and that could become a point of further investigation. Architects and other architecturally interested laypeople with an interest in Venice will find the book a valuable addition to their knowledge. For architectural historians the book makes an important link between modernism and the historically grown Venice.
Dr Mahnaz Shah is a Lecturer in Design Theory at the Cardiff School of Art and Design, Cardiff Metropolitan University.
Contents: Foreword, Robert Maxwell; Foreword, Tim Benton; Introduction; History of the project; The urban context; Analysis of the project; Important findings; Table of important events; Bibliography; Index.
The short text is written to accompany the photographic sequence created for the project of the double hypogeum of the Caserta Cathedral by Francesco Venezia included in the previous contribution,
