Four diphenyl pyrene-derived aminophosphonates were synthesized. Attempts were made to synthesize diphenyl N-(R)-α-methylbenzylamino(pyren-1-yl)methylphosphonate (3e) in order to obtain the chiral ...aminophosphonate bearing a pyrene moiety. Because these attempts failed, dimethyl and dibenzyl N-(R)-α-methylbenzyl substituted aminophosphonates 4 and 5 were synthesized and the predominant diastereoisomer of dimethyl aminophosphonate 4 was isolated. The resolution of the diastereomeric mixture of 5 failed. Aminophosphonates 3a-d and the predominant diastereoisomer of 4 were investigated in terms of their ecotoxicity using tests performed on the ostracode Heterocypris incongruens and the fluorescent bacterium Vibrio fisheri. The tests confirmed the moderate-to-high ecotoxicity of aminophosphonates 3a-d and 4, but no evident correlation between the structure and toxicity has been found.
This book is a collection of a group of peer-reviewed scientific papers dealing with both the evaluation and the solution of the complex but pressing problem of water source pollution. In the case of ...both fresh and marine water, the environmental and health protection aspects are closely linked. Monitoring activities supply continuous information on the contamination levels in inland surface, ground, and coastal waters, providing an alert in case of increased or new contamination and monitoring the effectiveness of remediation strategies. On the other hand, new or improved remediation and bioremediation tools are urgently needed to tackle the scarcity of safe drinking water. The papers in this book represent interesting starting points for future researches.
The evaluation of the ecotoxicological effects of water pollutants is performed by using different aquatic organisms. The effects of seven compounds belonging to a class of widespread contaminants, ...the benzo-fused nitrogen heterocycles, on a group of simple organisms employed in reference ISO tests on water quality (unicellular algae and luminescent bacteria) have been assessed to ascertain their suitability in revealing different contamination levels in the water, wastewater, and sediments samples. Representative compounds of benzotriazoles, benzothiazoles, and benzenesulfonamides, were tested at a concentration ranging from 0.01 to 100 mg L−1. In particular, our work was focused on the long-term effects, for which little information is up to now available. Species-specific sensitivity for any whole family of pollutants was not observed. On average, the strongest growth rate inhibition values were expressed by the freshwater Raphidocelis subcapitata and the marine Phaeodactylum tricornutum algae. R. subcapitata was the only organism for which growth was affected by most of the compounds at the lowest concentrations. The tests on the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fisheri gave completely different results, further underlining the need for an appropriate selection of the best biosensors to be employed in biotoxicological studies.
Organophosphates are well known to have toxic properties amongst other favorable chemical and physical properties. This holds true for pesticides and especially chemical warfare agents. The present ...study focusses on the toxicity and bioactivity of nerve agent VG and related isomers which were designed by us in need of nontoxic and non-bioactive surrogate substances for training reasons. A previous study revealed that some of the isomers are ideal model substances for e.g. vapor pressure determination. However, the toxicity and bioactivity data for these new compounds are still missing. Thus, we used the classical Ellman essay to determine the AChE and BuChE toxicity and Vibrio fisheri bacteria to test aquatic toxicity. Additionally, we made use of QSAR-methods to model toxicity data of other species e.g. Daphnia magna. By now we are able to adjust the toxicity in a wide range by choosing proper substituents.
The present study demonstrates development of a rapid testing protocol based on a small portable luminometer using flash kinetic assessment of bacterial bioluminescence. The laboratory comparisons ...based on six model organic toxicants and two metals showed significant correlations between responses of freshwater bacteria
Photorhabdus luminescens
and standard marine bacterial species
Vibrio fisheri
. While
P. luminescens
was less sensitive in standard arrangements, the responses of both organisms were comparable in the newly introduced portable luminometer setup. The applicability and reproducibility of the portable luminometer protocol was further demonstrated in the assessment of 43 European wastewater effluents that were simultaneously tested for toxicity and analysed for 150 organic and 20 inorganic contaminants grouped into 13 major chemical classes. Clear association between the toxic responses in both compared bacterial species and the elevated levels of inorganic compounds (toxic metals), chlorophenols and benzotriazole anticorrosives was observed. The new protocol with a portable luminometer provides a fast (30 s) response and may be used as a tool for rapid in situ toxicity evaluation of freshwater environmental samples such as effluents.
The Microtox
® Acute Toxicity Test has been successfully used to measure the toxicity of metals and other pollutants at high concentrations (ppm) in selected environmental samples. However, metals ...and other toxicants are often found in much lower concentrations (ppb) in many municipal wastewaters and receiving waters. In order to assess the toxicity of these pollutants in these samples, a more sensitive toxicity assay is needed. The Microtox
® chronic toxicity test has been developed to measure the sublethal effect of toxicants over multiple generations of the test species,
Vibrio fisheri. In this study, the toxicity of the 13 priority pollutant metals i.e. As, Se, Cd, Cr (III and VI), Cu, Pb, Sb, Ag, Tl, Zn, Be, Hg and Ni to
V. fisheri was evaluated using the Microtox
® chronic toxicity test. In this test, the inhibitory concentration (IC), lowest observable effect concentration (LOEC), and no observable effect concentration (NOEC) were obtained after 22-h of incubation at 27±1 °C, by comparing the light output of the control to that of the test sample. Among the 13 priority pollutant metals, beryllium (Be) was found to be the most toxic in the test (LOEC=0.742–1.49 μg/l) while thallium (Tl) was the least toxic (LOEC=3840–15
300 μg/l). The LOECs for copper (as Cu) and lead (Pb) in reagent (ASTM Type I) water were 6.78–13.6 μg/l and 626–1251 μg/l, respectively. The toxicity of copper sulfate (as Cu) in reagent water was shown and significantly reduced with the addition of natural organic matter (fulvic acid) or EDTA to the sample. The LOEC values for the 13 priority pollutant metals in this test were comparable to or lower than those reported for commonly used aquatic toxicity tests, such as the
Ceriodaphnia dubia assay.
Dispersants are a preapproved chemical response agent for oil spills off portions of the U.S. coastline, including the Texas—Louisiana coast. However, questions persist regarding potential ...environmental risks of dispersant applications in nearshore regions (within three nautical miles of the shoreline) that support dense populations of marine organisms and are prone to spills resulting from human activities. To address these questions, a study was conducted to evaluate the relative toxicity of test media prepared with dispersant, weathered crude oil, and weathered crude oil plus dispersant. Two fish species, Cyprinodon variegatus and Menidia beryllina, and one shrimp species, Americamysis bahia (formerly Mysidopsis bahia), were used to evaluate the relative toxicity of the different media under declining and continuous exposure regimes. Microbial toxicity was evaluated using the luminescent bacteria Vibrio fisheri. The data suggested that oil media prepared with a chemical dispersant was equal to or less toxic than the oil‐only test medium. Data also indicated that continuous exposures to the test media were generally more toxic than declining exposures. The toxicity of unweathered crude oil with and without dispersant was also evaluated using Menidia beryllina under declining exposure conditions. Unweathered oil‐only media were dominated by soluble hydrocarbon fractions and found to be more toxic than weathered oil‐only media in which colloidal oil fractions dominated. Total concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in oil‐plus‐dispersant media prepared with weathered and unweathered crude oil were both dominated by colloidal oil and showed no significant difference in toxicity. Analysis of the toxicity data suggests that the observed toxicity was a function of the soluble crude oil components and not the colloidal oil.
We present a video-densitometric quantification method for the pain killer known as diclofenac and ibuprofen. These non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were separated on cyanopropyl bonded plates ...using CH
2
Cl
2
, methanol, cyclohexane (95 + 5 + 40, v/v) as mobile phase. The quantification is based on a bio-effective-linked analysis using Vibrio fisheri bacteria. Within 10 min a CCD-camera registered the white light of the light-emitting bacteria. Diclofenac and ibuprofen effectively suppressed the bacterial light emission which can be used for quantification within a linear range of 10 to 2000 ng. The detection limit for ibuprofen is 20 ng and the limit of quantification 26 ng per zone. Measurements were carried out using a 16-bit ST-1603ME CCD camera with 1.56 megapixels (from Santa Barbara Instrument Group, Inc., Santa Barbara, USA). The range of linearity covers more than two magnitudes because the extended Kubelka-Munk expression is used for data transformation. The separation method is inexpensive, fast, and reliable.
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