The effects of the Reformation in the Military Frontier on the territory of Croatia in the 16th century were weak. There was a Protestant preacher in Karlovac, the main stronghold of the Croatian ...Military Frontier, who took care of the few members of the Evangelical confession that were mostly officers of Austrian-German descent or were members of the German military garrisons. Bearing in mind the poor representation of confessions arising from the Reformation in the Military Frontier during the 16th and 17th centuries, the author focuses on the gradual change of this practice at the end of the 18th and during the 19th century which took place in the newly created sections of the Military Frontier, from Slavonia to Banat and Transylvania. This area, which became part of the expanded Habsburg military zone after the war with the Ottomans at the end of the 17th century, was the location of great administrative, demographic, ecclesiastical and confessional, and economic changes during the 18th century. The paper focuses on migrations and planned settlement in the Slavonia-Srijem part of the Military Frontier that was carried out in order to maintain a functional Military Frontier system. As part of the intense and numerous migrations in the Slavonia-Srijem regiment areas during the 18th and 19th centuries, the settlement of Protestant families was mainly centred around the Srijem part of the border, especially the Petrovaradin regiment. The number of Protestants in the Military Frontier during the early 19th century, as shown by Hietzinger in his book Statistik der Militärgränze (1817 – 1823), was several times smaller in comparison to the prevailing Catholic and Orthodox population. Taking into account the legal framework and provisions regulating the settlement of Protestants in the Military Frontier, and based on original archive material and the comparison with the published data, the paper presents the course of settling of Protestant families, their origin, socio-demographic characteristics, the conditions of their settlement and the attitude of the authorities and the local population towards them. The paper describes their material circumstances in the new environment, the possibilities of performing religious ceremonies, the attitude of the population of majority confessions towards them, and their civil and religious freedoms at the Slavonian border.The research for this paper is based on written historical sources from the Slavonian general command which are stored in the Croatian State Archives in Zagreb. This material includes various documents created by the general command administration of the Slavonia-Srijem Military Frontier, which acted as a kind of provincial government in this area. The fund is part of the period from 1701 to 1848 and consists of 162 boxes of documents and 126 books. The analysed material, written exclusively in German language and script, documents the immigration and certain issues from everyday lives of “non-Catholic” families settled at the Slavonian border. It consists mostly of letters from the Aulic War Council to the Slavonian general command or command of the Petrovaradin, Brod and Gradiška regiment and Šajkaš battalion, as well as the canton commands of the same names. This includes orders for the main command of the Petrovaradin regiment, tables with the list of immigrants in the Military Frontier, and plans for their accommodation. The conducted research is focused on the decisions and plans of state authorities related to the settlement of Protestant families, but also on the implementation of these plans. The research suggests that members of confessions derived from the Reformation are referred to with the general term “non-Catholic” or “non-Catholic families” (akatholische/accatholische Familien, acatholische Reichs-Colonisten) in the analysed documents. This term applied exclusively to members of confessional denominations derived from the reformation, both to evangelicals and Calvinists. Occasionally, the documents provide a more precise description of the religion as “evangelical/Augsburg confessions/religion” (evangelische/augsburgische Konfession/Glaubensbekenntnis/Religion) or “reformed/Helvetic religion” (reformirte/helvetische Religion). Since the 1840s, phrases such as “Protestant families, Protestants” (protestantische Familien, Protestanten) are used for families of reformed denominations in the sources.It is clear from analysing the material that most of the total immigration to the Croatia-Slavonia Military Frontier occurred up to the middle of the 18th century. However, this process continued after that period as well, particularly in the Slavonia frontier, which was still poorly populated in the middle of the 18th century and provided enough land for new settlers. In the period from 1776 to 1785, over 400 families arrived from the Ottoman and Venetian-Dalmatian regions, and most of them settled in the Petrovaradin regiment. The next wave of settlements occurred during the Austro-Turkish War, from 1788 to 1791, when almost 900 families relocated from Ottoman territory, most of them settling in the area of the Petrovaradin regiment (Kaser, 1997/II: 43–44).The Reformation did not spread in the Croatia-Slavonia Military Frontier and it did not have a major impact among the population; in fact, the frontiersmen of the Karlovac and Varaždin Generalate fought against the spread of Reformation in the interior countries of the Austria, and also fought in the Thirty Years’ War as part of the imperial Catholic forces. The few Protestants who had settled there received, based on the same principle as Orthodox believers, protection for their religious beliefs in the Military Frontier (Hietzinger, 1817/I: 246). Following the adoption of the Patent of Toleration of Joseph II in 1781, the attitude towards the settlement of Protestant families in the Slavonian Military Frontier also changed. Religious freedoms and the relationships among members of different confessions were regulated by various additional provisions. Thus, in 1788, a number of circular letters were published for all the Succession Countries in which the possibility of transitioning from a non-Catholic to Catholic faith is discussed, and details for terms of divorce of non-Catholics are described in cases when one of the partners converts to Catholicism, as well as the conditions for entering into a new marriage.There were two dominant directions for immigration into the Slavonic Military Frontier. The first direction was the one from the German Empire and the Central European parts of the Habsburg Monarchy to its south-eastern areas, under the supervision of the central authorities in Vienna and the military authorities in the Frontier. The reasons for emigration are typically associated with overpopulation, lack of available land, poor socioeconomic or social status (urban poor, convicts promised amnesty) and unfavourable conditions for entrepreneurial activity, especially craftsmanship. The largest number of German colonists was settled in the German-Banat borderland, i.e. in the German-Banat canton. For example, in 1790, three transports of German colonists arrived from Alsace, Lothringia, Swabia, Württemberg and Baden numbering 1921 persons, including Protestant families. Colonists from the Rhineland also settled in the German-Banat canton, as well as the Petrovaradin regiment (Vaniček, 1875/III: 65).The second migration route, which originated in Ottoman or Venetian territory, brought much more immigrants to the Slavonian Military Frontier. Taking into account only the period of the war with the Ottomans (1788 – 1791), 564 migrant families moved to the area of the Petrovaradin canton. Although there are no preserved personal data in the sources for all those that the state settled, the transports of immigrants from the German Empire and Hungary to Banat in the early 1790s, which were in part also directed towards Srijem and Slavonia and passed through Petrovaradin, can be analysed based on the preserved tables in the Slavonian General Command fund. Of the six preserved lists for 1790 and 1791, two tables from July 1791 are particularly important sources of demographic and socioeconomic data on evangelical settlers designated for settling on the ley (praedium) near Pazova. One of the tables contains a list of 11 Protestant families, with a total of 63 members, who headed to Petrovaradin without money or material resources to settle in Srijem. Another table contains a list of 8 families, with a total of 45 members, who had some money at their disposal. Based on data from the tables, the age and sex of the immigrants, their marital status, occupation, place of origin and their property/legal situation can be analysed. All these families were Protestant, more precisely Evangelicals, except for one Calvinist family. They were originally from various places in Württemberg. The analysis of the data from the tables revealed that most of them were simple nuclear families with an average of 3.2 underage children. The average age was 38.3 years for men, and 38.1 years for women. These were mature men and women, most of whom worked in agriculture and could be expected to contribute to the maintenance of the border system in economic and military terms.The conditions under which immigrants from German countries were settled changed over time and depended on the destination and whether they were being settled on the communal state, private estates or the Military Frontier area. However, all migration waves with a destination in the Military Frontier had the same military and economic purpose: from the state’s point of view it was important to settle those immigrants who could independently survive on the lands given to them, and if necessary, join the Frontier’s military units. The constant need for fresh recruits in the regiments necessitated repeated migrations of military-capable population into the
U ovom radu analizira se povod gradnje utvrde Nehaj i njezina tipizacija. Primarni je cilj istražiti zbog čega je utvrda izgrađena i koji je bio povod njezinoj gradnji analizirajući pritom izvještaj ...Ivana Lenkovića iz 1550. godine. Osim toga, u radu je analizirana i tipizacija utvrde uz pomoć nekoliko analitičkih cjelina (Namjena utvrde, Volumenske karakteristike utvrde i Vatrena snaga utvrde). Burgološkim pristupom, to jest analizom povijesno-obrambeno-fortifikacijskih, kao i kronološko- povijesnih elemenata, tipizirat ćemo utvrdu Nehaj s obzirom na ostale utvrde toga vremena i navesti njezine specifičnosti.
Promatrajući zbirku pjesama Razgovor ugodni naroda slovinskoga fra Andrije Kačića Miošića kao primjer zbirke napisanih usmenih pjesama (koncept američkoga teoretičara usmene književnosti Johna Milesa ...Foleyja) rad pruža prilog proučavanju poimanja junaštva u kršćanskome svijetu pograničnih utvrda (njem. Welt der Granzfestungen), tj. na graničnome prostoru kršćanskih sila (Habsburške Monarhije i Mletačke Republike) i Osmanskoga Carstva u ranome novom vijeku. Polazeći od hipoteze da povijesni likovi u epskim narodnim pjesmama vrše egzemplarnu funkciju, pomoću heurističkoga modela humanitas heroica Andreasa Angyala nastoji se pružiti uvid u složenu koncepciju junaštva koja postoji u sustavu vrijednosti na granici.
Ovaj rad prezentira rezultate demografskog istraživanja rađenog na temelju detaljnog krajiškog popisa Slavonske vojne krajine (njem. Muster Liste) iz 1577. godine. Riječ je o protostatističkom popisu ...koji obiluje podatcima iskoristivim za nekoliko razina istraživanja. Najprije, autor rekonstruira mjesta podrijetla krajiških vojnika te donosi zaključak o tome je li većina vojnika Slavonske vojne krajine 1577. godine slavenskog ili stranog podrijetla te propituje postojanje razlika između terenske i utvrdne vojske po pitanju podrijetla. Druga razina analize tiče se pitanja hrvatskog identiteta kojeg nose na popisu spomenuti H(o)rvati te se njihov spomen kontekstualizira u širi proces stapanja Hrvatskog i Slavonskog Kraljevstva u jednu političku cjelinu. Konačno, treća razina analize bavi se pitanjem imenske strukture samih krajiških vojnika te se propituje koja imena dominiraju među vojnicima Slavonske vojne krajine. Rad je popraćen s nekoliko karata i tablica kako bi se prezentirana građa dodatno vizualizirala.
Habsburška Monarhija je nakon mira u Srijemskim Karlovcima 1699. godine proširila svoju vlast na teritorij između rijeka Drave, Save i Dunava, koji je u 18. stoljeću uređen i podijeljen na civilni i ...vojni dio, poznate pod nazivima „civilna Slavonija“ (Kraljevstvo Slavonije), koja je bila pod feudalno-kraljevskom upravom, i „vojna Slavonija“ (Slavonska vojna krajina/granica), koja se nalazila pod vojnom i direktnom carskom upravom. Slavonska vojna krajina, koja se protezala Posavinom duž lijeve obale rijeke Save te graničila sa Osmanskim Carstvom prema jugu, bila je bogata aluvijalnim, poplavnim šumama, koje su stavljene pod direktnu carsku zaštitu i nadzor. U svrhu boljeg nadzora i upravljanja šumskim resursima, habsburška administracija je donosila razne uredbe i regulacije tijekom 18. i 19. stoljeća, koje su ostale na snazi, uz veće ili manje izmjene, do industrijalizacije i razvojačenja te ukidanja vojnokrajiškog sustava u drugoj polovici 19. stoljeća. Ovo istraživanje se fokusira na utjecaj i učinak tih regulacija i carskih uredbi na odnos između vojnih autoriteta, lokalnog stanovništva i njihovog okoliša u dijelu Slavonske vojne krajine koji se nalazio pod upravom 7. (Brodske) graničarske pukovnije. Osim odnosa, ovo istraživanje daje također analizu mnogih okolišnih i društvenih promjena i njihovih raznih faza razvoja, opisanih kroz povijesne izvore različitih provenijencija nastalih između sredine 18. i sredine 19. stoljeća.
Autori na primjeru Jeronima baruna Ljubibratića od Trebinja (Dubrovnik, 1716. – Beč, 1. studenog 1783.) analiziraju složene strukture političkih, vojnih, gospodarskih i vjerskih odnosa kao i ...sveukupne svakodnevice u Osijeku 18. stoljeća. Osijek je bio podijeljen na tri komorske civilne općine: Unutarnji grad, Gornji grad i Donji grad te vojnu utvrdu kojom je neposredno upravljala vojska. Premda upravno podijeljeni, civilni i vojni aspekti bili su isprepleteni. Slučaj Jeronima Ljubibratića u Osijeku je zoran primjer tog turbulentnog života obilježenog čestim sukobima, nesuglasicama, predrasudama, nasiljem, zloupotrebama itd. U sačuvanim izvorima grada Osijeka ostalo je posebno zabilježeno upravo njegovo ime, čime se omogućuje djelomična rekonstrukcija odnosa jednog civilnog provincijskog grada i jednog carskog podmaršala unutar konteksta svakodnevice baroknog grada-utvrde 18. stoljeća.
During the entire existence of the Military Border, from 1578 until its demilitarization
in 1871 and unification with Civil Croatia in 1881, the Croatian Diet
repeatedly requested the extension of ...the governing powers of the Croatian Ban
and the Diet to include the territory of the Military Border. This request especially
concerned the Varaždin generalates, a territorial unit that, following the liberation
of Slavonia and Srijem from the Turkish rule in the seventeenth century was
no longer a region bordering the Ottoman Empire. This change in circumstances
was among the strongest - or even the strongest - argument used by the Croatian
estates to request the return of the Varaždin generalates under the jurisdiction of
the Croatian Diet.
U radu se iz ekohistorijske perspektive prikazuju šume Slavonske vojne krajine u 18. stoljeću. Šume se proučavaju kao zasebni ekosistem te kroz njihovu interakciju s čovjekom. Rad se temelji na ...pregledu izvora – karti Slavonske vojne krajine iz 1780. godine, Šumskih uredbi iz 1787. godine i putopisu austrijskog državnog službenika Friedricha Wilhelma von Taubea. Naglasak je na prikazu izgleda šuma i njihovih karakteristika te na utjecaju čovjeka kroz ekonomsku eksploataciju i deforestaciju. Predstavljaju se oprečni pogledi vojne vlasti i krajišnika po pitanju korištenja i zaštite šuma.
Rad prati novosti vezane uz pedagoški standard školstva pučkih škola između 1871. i 1886. godine. Prate se aktualnosti na temelju periodike, časopisa „Napredak“. Teoretski pristup bio je ...potkrijepljen neobjavljenom arhivskom građom iz Državnog arhiva u Slavonskom Brodu. Od objavljene građe u upotrebi je bilo djelo Antuna Cuvaja „Građa za povijest školstva“, pa rad prikazuje razvijanje ideje pedagogije i suočavanje s novostima koje su od učitelja tražile još veće izazove. Vojni sustav izbačen je iz škole i uvodi se nenasilan način rješavanja problema discipline. U društvenim kretanjima to je bilo evidentno preko liberalnih ideja i udaljavanja rimokatoličke crkve iz domene obrazovanja. U praksi je to značilo evidenciju izostanaka iz škola, cijepljenja učenika, skrb o disciplini na nenasilan način, poticanje suradnje s roditeljima te uvođenje praktičnog rada preko školskih vrtova.
Dugogodišnji đurđevečki župnik i zagrebački kanonik Franjo Milinković (Pazarište, 15. ožujka 1789. - Zagreb, 7. veljače 1860.) značajna je ličnost iz povijesti Đurđevca i Podravine u prvoj polovini ...19. stoljeća. Porijeklom iz Otočačke krajiške pukovnije čitavu je službu kao župnik proveo u velikoj župi sa središtem u Đurđevcu kao tipičnom krajiškom naselju gdje je ostavio značajan trag. U Đurđevcu
je kao župnik proveo puna tri desetljeća od 1821. do 1851. godine. Ondje je 1824. godine sagradio i uredio župnu crkvu koju je posvetio svetome mučeniku Jurju, započeo je voditi župnu spomenicu 1825. godine, a 1826. godine otvorio je novo župno groblje. Od 1827. godine vršio je službu podarhiđakona u Komarničkom arhiđakonatu pa je sudjelovao u posveti mnogih novih sakralnih objekata i više puta ugostio nekoliko biskupa u Podravini. Bio je vrstan odgojitelj mladih svećenika koji su u Đurđevcu službovali kao kapelani te se smatra nositeljem i širiteljem ideja hrvatskog narodnog preporoda na području gdje je djelovao. Zbog svojih zasluga imenovan je najprije začasnim, a onda i pravim kanonikom pa je posljednje desetljeće života proveo u Zagrebu gdje je radio u službi Zagrebačke
nadbiskupije.
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