Red spinach extract is high in inorganic nitrate/nitrite (NO3/NO2) which has been shown to enhance vascular function, cognition, and physical performance. To date, there have been no investigations ...as to whether red spinach extract serves as an effective strategy to improve repeated exercise performance, which is applicable to many sports and activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of acute red spinach extract ingestion on repeated sprint ability in female athletes. Eleven Division I NCAA female athletes (ages 18–24) were recruited. In a double-blinded, randomized, counterbalanced design, participants completed two separate visits each with a different treatment: placebo (placebo; tomato juice) or red spinach extract (~400 mg nitrate). For each trial, participants consumed their respective treatment two hours before exercise. Following a warm-up, participants completed 3 × 15 s Wingate Anaerobic Tests (WAnTs) separated by 2 min of recovery. A capillary blood sample was obtained pre-exercise to measure NO2 concentrations. Performance outcomes, heart rate (heart rate), and rate of perceived exertion were measured following each WAnT. Blood lactate (La-) was obtained prior to exercise (PRE) and after the completion of the repeated sprints (POST). Each visit was separated by a minimal recovery period of 72 h. Mean power (p = 0.204), peak power (p = 0.067), heart rate (p = 0.151), and rate of perceived exertion (p = 0.379) were not significantly different between treatments. POST La- concentration was significantly higher with red spinach extract when compared to the placebo (p = 0.030). Furthermore, the fatigue index (p = 0.018) was significantly lower with red spinach extract. The results do not support the use of red spinach extract for the enhancement of power output during repeated anaerobic exercise. However, it may result in improved La-/H+ removal from the muscle, thereby combating physical fatigue.
Recent studies have demonstrated that modifying the “classic” 6 × 30-s “all-out” sprint interval training protocol by incorporating either shorter sprints (6 × 10-s or 15-s sprints) or fewer sprints ...(e.g., 2 × 20-s sprints; reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training (REHIT)) does not attenuate the training-induced improvements in maximal aerobic capacity. The aim of the present study was to determine if reducing the sprint duration in the REHIT protocol from 20 s to 10 s per sprint influences acute affective responses and the change in maximal aerobic capacity following training. Thirty-six sedentary or recreationally active participants (17 women; mean ± SD; age: 22 ± 3 years; body mass index: 24.5 ± 4.6 kg·m
−2
; maximal aerobic capacity: 37 ± 8 mL·kg
−1
·min
−1
) were randomised to a group performing a “standard” REHIT protocol involving 2 × 20-s sprints or a group who performed 2 × 10-s sprints. Maximal aerobic capacity was determined before and after 6 weeks of 3 weekly training sessions. Acute affective responses and perceived exertion were assessed during training. Greater increases in maximal aerobic capacity were observed for the group performing 20-s sprints (2.77 ± 0.75 to 3.04 ± 0.75 L·min
−1
; +10%) compared with the group performing 10-s sprints (2.58 ± 0.57 vs. 2.67 ± 3.04 L·min
−1
; +4%; group × time interaction effect: p < 0.05; d = 1.06). Positive affect and the mood state vigour increased postexercise, while tension, depression, and total mood disturbance decreased, and negative affect remained unchanged. Affective responses and perceived exertion were not altered by training and were not different between groups. In conclusion, reducing sprint duration in the REHIT protocol from 20 s to 10 s attenuates improvements in maximal aerobic capacity, and does not result in more positive affective responses or lower perceived exertion.
In the present randomised-controlled trial we investigated the effect of reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training (REHIT) training frequency (2, 3, or 4 sessions/week for 6 weeks) on maximal ...aerobic capacity in 42 inactive individuals (13 women; mean ± SD age: 25 ± 5 years, maximal aerobic capacity: 35 ± 5 mL·kg
−1
·min
−1
). Changes in maximal aerobic capacity were not significantly different between the 3 groups (2 sessions/week: +10.2%; 3 sessions/week: +8.1%; 4 sessions per week: +7.3%). In conclusion, a training frequency of 2 sessions/week is sufficient for REHIT to improve maximal aerobic capacity.
Novelty
We demonstrate that reducing REHIT training frequency from 3 or 4 to 2 sessions/week does not attenuate improvements in the key health marker of maximal aerobic capacity.
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is one of the most investigated brain regions on exercise due to its relationship with maintaining exercise. This study aims to demonstrate the effects of a high-intensity ...exercise on cerebral hemodynamic parameters in the PFC and how physical load reflects on PFC.
Twelve male (mean±SD: age=20±1.56 years) performed the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT; 30-s all-out) for three repetitions as a Sprint Interval Training (SIT) exercise model via a cycling ergometer with 4min of active recovery (50W, 50rpm) between the repetitions. A functional Near-infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) device was used to record hemodynamic changes of the prefrontal cortex throughout the entire protocol.
The oxy-hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) and total-hemoglobin (total-Hb) levels in the PFC were increased significantly (P<0.001), while the power outputs were decreased in repetitive WAnT's (P<0.05). The oxy-Hb values were higher than the pre-exercise values even in the recovery periods between WAnT's (P<0.001).
In conclusion, repeated load with the active recovery periods might be an optimal approach for increasing the PFC oxygenation to its peak values. These results suggest that a repeated Wingate test could be used as a test to improve the metabolic condition of the athlete's brain.
Le cortex préfrontal (PFC) est l’une des régions cérébrales les plus étudiées pendant l’exercice. Cette étude vise à démontrer les effets d’un exercice de haute intensité sur les paramètres hémodynamiques cérébraux dans le PFC et comment la charge physique se reflète sur le PFC.
Douze athlètes masculins (moyenne±ET : âge=20±1,56 ans) ont effectué un test anaérobie Wingate (WAnT ; 30 s) à trois répétitions en tant que modèle d’exercice Sprint, Interval Training (SIT) sur un vélo ergomètre (Monark 894E ; Vansbro, Sweden) avec 4minutes de récupération active (50 W, 50 tr/min) entre les répétitions. La spectroscopie fonctionnelle proche infrarouge (fNIRS) a été utilisée pour enregistrer les changements hémodynamiques dans le cortex préfrontal tout au long du protocole.
Les niveaux d’oxy-hémoglobine (oxy-Hb) et d’hémoglobine totale (total-Hb) dans le PFC ont augmenté de manière significative (p<0,001) et les résultats de puissance ont diminué au cours des WAnT répétés (p<0,05). Les valeurs d’oxy-Hb au cours des WAnT répétés étaient supérieures à celles du repos, et cela même dans les périodes de récupération entre les WAnT (p<0,001).
Des sprints répétés, séparés par des périodes de récupération actives, pourraient être une approche optimale pour augmenter l’oxygénation du PFC. Ces résultats suggèrent que la répétition de tests Wingate peut être utilisée pour améliorer l’état métabolique du cerveau des athlètes.
Metaverse is the society of future, which merges the physical and digital worlds by utilizing sophisticated human-machine interfaces (HMIs). In this study, a Metaverse sport interactive system based ...on triboelectric nanogenerators has been developed, which realizes a real-time interaction among human beings, devices, and the internet. This Metaverse sport interactive system is composed of a self-powered anaerobic power meter (APM), a wireless transmission module, personalized data analysis based on the professional Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) method, and an augmented reality (AR) application. By leveraging the WAnT method, the power (PP), mean power (MP), and fatigue index (FI) are tested, which indeed reflect the explosive power, speed endurance, and endurance. Meanwhile, the data is transmitted to the cloud via the wireless transmission module, and the users can freely explore the Metaverse through AR application. Notably, through machine learning, the professional WAnT can not only reflect the anaerobic capacity but can also be used for athlete selection. Essentially, this work puts forward a new approach to design online competitions, sport training, and athlete selection, and in general, provides a new strategy to build the Metaverse.
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•MSIS is consisted of a self-powered anaerobic power meter, a Bluetooth module, Wingtate analysis method, and an AR platform.•The anaerobic power of athletes is the first time tested by TENGs with the Wingtate anaerobic power.•Athletes are selected by a unique deep-learning method based on wingate anaerobic power test.•People can interact with others online via MSIS.
High intensity interval training (HIIT) has become an increasingly popular form of exercise due to its potentially large effects on exercise capacity and small time requirement. This study compared ...the effects of two HIIT protocols vs steady-state training on aerobic and anaerobic capacity following 8-weeks of training. Fifty-five untrained college-aged subjects were randomly assigned to three training groups (3x weekly). Steady-state (n = 19) exercised (cycle ergometer) 20 minutes at 90% of ventilatory threshold (VT). Tabata (n = 21) completed eight intervals of 20s at 170% VO2max/10s rest. Meyer (n = 15) completed 13 sets of 30s (20 min) @ 100% PVO2 max/ 60s recovery, average PO = 90% VT. Each subject did 24 training sessions during 8 weeks.
There were significant (p < 0.05) increases in VO2max (+19, +18 and +18%) and PPO (+17, +24 and +14%) for each training group, as well as significant increases in peak (+8, + 9 and +5%) & mean (+4, +7 and +6%) power during Wingate testing, but no significant differences between groups. Measures of the enjoyment of the training program indicated that the Tabata protocol was significantly less enjoyable (p < 0.05) than the steady state and Meyer protocols, and that the enjoyment of all protocols declined (p < 0.05) across the duration of the study. The results suggest that although HIIT protocols are time efficient, they are not superior to conventional exercise training in sedentary young adults. Key pointsSteady state training equivalent to HIIT in untrained studentsMild interval training presents very similar physiologic challenge compared to steady state trainingHIIT (particularly very high intensity variants were less enjoyable than steady state or mild interval trainingEnjoyment of training decreases across the course of an 8 week experimental training program.
The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship among anaerobic capacity, body composition, and sport level of male junior and senior speedway riders. Sixty riders of ...professional clubs in the Polish top motorcycle speedway league participated in this study. They were divided into two equal groups (
= 30): junior (age = 19.7 ± 1.1 years) and senior (age = 29.7 ± 5.2). Body composition assessment, Wingate test (WAnT) on cycloergometer, with analysis of acute cardiorespiratory and biochemical responses were performed. Sport level was defined as the number of heats (races) won, winning percentage, total points scored during the season, and average points scored per heat. Seniors had higher point ratings indicating sport levels. As compared to the seniors, the juniors had lower BMI 4% (
< 0.01) and fat tissue mass by 20.5% (
< 0.01). A higher power decrease of 2.3% (
< 0.05) in the WAnT test was found in seniors. Body height negatively correlated with all indicators of seniors' sport level (r = -0.41 to -0.55). Peak power output negatively correlated with seniors' sport level (r = -0.39 to -0.41). Among the seniors, there was a negative correlation between post-exercise hydrogen ion concentration (r = -0.38), carbon dioxide partial pressure (r = -0.45) and average points scored per season. Conclusion: The anthropometric characteristics of body height, lean body mass and body surface area, are significantly correlated with the sport levels of the seniors motorcycle speedway riders. When selecting motorcycle speedway riders, use of these anthropometric characteristics may aid in determining the riders with the most potential to be successful. Metabolic acidosis tolerance and gas exchange efficiency show significance in seniors, indicating the need for intense exercise sessions.
Three to 5 cycling tests to exhaustion allow prediction of time to exhaustion (TTE) at power output based on calculation of critical power (CP). We aimed to determine the accuracy of CP predictions ...of TTE at power outputs habitually endured by cyclists. Fourteen endurance-trained male cyclists underwent 4 randomized cycle-ergometer TTE tests at power outputs eliciting (i) mean Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT
mean
), (ii) maximal oxygen consumption, (iii) respiratory compensation threshold (VT
2
), and (iv) maximal lactate steady state (MLSS). Tests were conducted in duplicate with coefficient of variation of 5%–9%. Power outputs were 710 ± 63 W for WAnT
mean
, 366 ± 26 W for maximal oxygen consumption, 302 ± 31 W for VT
2
and 247 ± 20 W for MLSS. Corresponding TTE were 00:29 ± 00:06, 03:23 ± 00:45, 11:29 ± 05:07, and 76:05 ± 13:53 min:s, respectively. Power output associated with CP was only 2% lower than MLSS (242 ± 19 vs. 247 ± 20 W; P < 0.001). The CP predictions overestimated TTE at WAnT
mean
(00:24 ± 00:10 mm:ss) and MLSS (04:41 ± 11:47 min:s), underestimated TTE at VT
2
(–04:18 ± 03:20 mm:ss; P < 0.05), and correctly predicted TTE at maximal oxygen consumption. In summary, CP accurately predicts MLSS power output and TTE at maximal oxygen consumption. However, it should not be used to estimate time to exhaustion in trained cyclists at higher or lower power outputs (e.g., sprints and 40-km time trials).
Novelty
CP calculation enables to predict TTE at any cycling power output.
We tested those predictions against measured TTE in a wide range of cycling power outputs.
CP appropriately predicted TTE at maximal oxygen consumption intensity but err at higher and lower cycling power outputs.
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