The COVID-19 pandemic created a unique set of circumstances in which to investigate collective memory and future simulations of events reported during the onset of a potentially historic event. ...Between early April and late June 2020, we asked over 4,000 individuals from 15 countries across four continents to report on remarkable (a) national and (b) global events that (i) had happened since the first cases of COVID-19 were reported, and (ii) they expected to happen in the future. Whereas themes of infections, lockdown, and politics dominated global and national past events in most countries, themes of economy, a second wave, and lockdown dominated future events. The themes and phenomenological characteristics of the events differed based on contextual group factors. First, across all conditions, the event themes differed to a small yet significant degree depending on the severity of the pandemic and stringency of governmental response at the national level. Second, participants reported national events as less negative and more vivid than global events, and group differences in emotional valence were largest for future events. This research demonstrates that even during the early stages of the pandemic, themes relating to its onset and course were shared across many countries, thus providing preliminary evidence for the emergence of collective memories of this event as it was occurring. Current findings provide a profile of past and future collective events from the early stages of the ongoing pandemic, and factors accounting for the consistencies and differences in event representations across 15 countries are discussed.
Stay the hand of vengeance Bass, Gary Jonathan
2014., 20140428, 2014, 2000, 2014-04-28, Letnik:
93
eBook
International justice has become a crucial part of the ongoing political debates about the future of shattered societies like Bosnia, Kosovo, Rwanda, Cambodia, and Chile. Why do our governments ...sometimes display such striking idealism in the face of war crimes and atrocities abroad, and at other times cynically abandon the pursuit of international justice altogether? Why today does justice seem so slow to come for war crimes victims in the Balkans? In this book, Gary Bass offers an unprecedented look at the politics behind international war crimes tribunals, combining analysis with investigative reporting and a broad historical perspective. The Nuremberg trials powerfully demonstrated how effective war crimes tribunals can be. But there have been many other important tribunals that have not been as successful, and which have been largely left out of today's debates about international justice. This timely book brings them in, using primary documents to examine the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars, World War I, the Armenian genocide, World War II, and the recent wars in the former Yugoslavia.
Bass explains that bringing war criminals to justice can be a military ordeal, a source of endless legal frustration, as well as a diplomatic nightmare. The book takes readers behind the scenes to see vividly how leaders like David Lloyd George, Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, and Bill Clinton have wrestled with these agonizing moral dilemmas. The book asks how law and international politics interact, and how power can be made to serve the cause of justice.
Bass brings new archival research to bear on such events as the prosecution of the Armenian genocide, presenting surprising episodes that add to the historical record. His sections on the former Yugoslavia tell--with important new discoveries--the secret story of the politicking behind the prosecution of war crimes in Bosnia, drawing on interviews with senior White House officials, key diplomats, and chief prosecutors at the war crimes tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Bass concludes that despite the obstacles, legalistic justice for war criminals is nonetheless worth pursuing. His arguments will interest anyone concerned about human rights and the pursuit of idealism in international politics.
In the American South, postbellum economic development may have been restricted in part by white landowners' access to low-wage black labor. This paper examines the impact of the Great Mississippi ...Flood of 1927 on black out-migration and subsequent agricultural development. Flooded counties experienced an immediate and persistent out-migration of black population. Over time, landowners in flooded counties modernized agricultural production and increased its capital intensity relative to landowners in nearby similar nonflooded counties. Landowners resisted black out-migration, however, benefiting from the status quo system of labor-intensive agricultural production.
Since 2013, the Eyewitness War Museum (EWM) in Beek, the Netherlands, has been claiming to offer a 'lifelike' depiction of many of the central events of the years 1940 to 1945. While incorporating ...some video, soundtracks, and touchscreens, the heart of the museum is its thirteen largescale multifigure dioramas filled with war memorabilia, including uniforms, weapons, and everyday artifacts. Through the lifelike mannequins and the historical objects, the visitor is invited to 'encounter' and experience the events of the Second World War; so much so, that the visit promises to transform them into 'eyewitnesses.' In distinct contrast to numerous war and Holocaust museums that aim to involve the visitor as a 'secondary witness' through embodiment and self-reflection, the EWM visitor 'experiences' history as a captivating and consumable visual display, watching from a distanced position of spectatorship. Moreover, the 'guide' to the museum, an 'ordinary' German soldier, is fictional, while the items that surround him are authentic. After two decades of valorizing witnesses and the use of survivor testimony, museums like the EWM negate and downplay their value, labeling the commodified experience of the visitor equivalent to that of an historical 'eyewitness.'
While exploring these issues, this article also provides a new tool in analyzing visitor responses by looking not at predetermined surveys-often designed by the very people who run the museums-but rather at more casual visitor responses in guidebooks and travel sites. Reviews on TripAdvisor and the travel platform izi.TRAVEL are explored to reveal the way that visitors perceive, remember, and interpret their experience in the museum.
Cumhuriyet gazetesinin kurucusu Yunus Nadi Abalıoǧlu'nun oǧlu olan Nadir Nadi, Türk basınının en üretken köşe yazarlarından biri olmuştur. Gazetecilik mesleǧine babasının 7 Mayıs 1924 tarikinde ...kurduǧu Cumhuriyet gazetesinde başlamış ve kısa süreli ayrılıklar dışında, vefatına kadar Cumhuriyet gazetesiyle olan baǧını koparmamıştır. Bu çalışmada, Cumhuriyet gazetesindeki yazıları ekseninde, Nadir Nadi'nin tek parti dönemi ile çok partili siyasal yaşama geçiş sürecinde yaşanan gelişmeleri nasıl deǧerlendirdiǧinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Nadi, Cumhuriyet gazetesindeki yazılarının ilk örneklerini yeni Türk ulus devletinin temellerinin saǧlamlaştırılmasına ve çaǧdaş ülkeler arasındaki yerini almasına yönelik adımların hızla atıldıǧı tek parti döneminde kaleme almaya başlamıştır. Yazılarının ilk metinlerindeki ana temalar; Avrupa'daki siyasal gelişmeler ile Türk İnkılâbının korunması ve pekiştirilmesidir. İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nın başlamasıyla birlikte aǧırlıklı olarak dış politikalar üzerine yazılar yazmaya başlamıştır. Aynı süreçte gazeteci kimliǧiyle Fransa, İngiltere ve Almanya'da incelemelerde bulunmuştur. Bu dönemdeki yazılarının bir kısmı Hitler Almanya'sına destek olarak algılanmış ve bu nedenle Cumhuriyet gazetesinin Almanya ile ticari baǧlantısı olduǧuna dair iddialar gündeme gelmiştir. Ancak Nadi, genel itibariyle Türkiye'nin tarafsızlıǧını savunmuş ve ülkenin dış politikasıyla örtüşen bir yayın çizgisi izlemiştir. Bu kapsamda Türkiye'nin, İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nın bitmesine ramak kala savaşa katılmasını da olumlamıştır. Savaşın sonlarına doǧru çok partili bir siyasi hayatın Türkiye'nin ufuklarında belirmesi üzerine, Nadir Nadi de sürece yazılarıyla dahil olmuştur. Tek parti idaresine yöneltilen eleştirileri dikkate alarak benimsemiştir. Tek parti yönetiminin baskıcı bir anlayışa sahip olduǧu düşüncesiyle, halka dayanan bir siyasal sistemin kurulmasını amaçlayan geçiş süreci olduǧunu iddia ederek bu yönetim şekline karşı çıkmıştır. Tek parti döneminin otoriter olmasından dolayı totaliter olarak nitelenemeyeceǧini belirtmiştir. Geçiş sürecinde, Türk demokrasisinin Celal Bayar'ın öncülüǧünde çok partili bir sisteme doǧru açılmasından memnuniyet duyan bir yaklaşım sergilemiştir.
Abstract
The term Sudetenland refers to large regions of the former Czechoslovakia that had been dominated by Germans. German population was expelled directly after the Second World War, between 1945 ...and 1947. Almost three million people left large areas in less than two years. This population change led to a break in the relationship between the people and the landscape. The aim of the study is to compare the trajectories of these changes in agricultural landscapes in lower and higher altitudes, both in depopulated areas and areas with preserved populations. This study included ten sites in the region of Northern Bohemia in Czechia (18,000 ha in total). Five of these sites represent depopulated areas, and the other five areas where populations remained preserved. Changes in the landscape were assessed through a bi-temporal analysis of land use change by using aerial photograph data from time hoirzons of 2018 and 1953. Land use changes from the 1950s to the present are corroborated in the studied depopulated and preserved areas mainly by the trajectory of agricultural land to forest. The results prove that both population displacement and landscape type are important factors that affect landscape changes, especially in agricultural landscapes.
This article examines the relationship between aesthetics and pedagogy in two recent historical novels for children about the British Home Front during the Second World War: Letters from the ...Lighthouse (2017) by Emma Carroll and Our Castle by the Sea (2019) by Lucy Strange. It argues that the representation of civilian life during the war in both novels is conditioned by recent socio-political events in Britain, namely, the recurrent appropriation of the wartime past in support of nationalist and anti-immigration rhetoric. The texts discussed in this article seek to counter this narrative, foregrounding immigration as a vital part of Britain’s wartime past. Drawing upon historical fiction studies and cultural analysis, the article begins with an exploration of the aesthetic treatment of wartime Britain in the texts more broadly, arguing that Letters from the Lighthouse participates in and subverts idealised visions of the Home Front, while Our Castle by the Sea rejects nostalgia entirely. I conclude my discussion with an examination of the use of the wartime spy story as an aesthetic template for exploring concepts of xenophobia and prejudice in the two novels. Ultimately, this article contends that literary aesthetics perform a pedagogic function in both texts, presenting the contribution of immigrants and refugees as crucial to the story of the Britain Home Front.
Enlightenment thought and its contemporary followers usually support two contradictory principles simultaneously. The first is universality. Truth is universal because it is truth for all. Claims to ...universality are made in logic and science, but also in areas that are culturally or politically controversial. Recently, universalism has become a key term to express a fundamental critique of identity politics. For much of European history, Christianity provided such a universal truth. But with the decline of its cultural hegemony and the rise of particular nation-states, conflicting truth claims became weapons in violent conflicts, leading Hobbes to argue that dangerous truth claims must be neutralized by robust political power. In the eighteenth century, rationalism became more optimistic, interpreting universalism as cosmopolitanism based on universal reason and progress through history. The second principle is historicism, which is the self-reflexive look at the historical origins of universal claims and theories. Historicism emerged in the nineteenth century as a response to the application of rationalism to history. It challenged the universal claims of the French Revolution, emphasizing instead the unique value of each historical entity. This revealed a fundamental paradox: when universalism becomes self-reflexive, it recognizes that it has non-universal historical origins, thereby undermining itself. After the devastation of World War II and the Holocaust, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) represented a significant effort toward a new universalism. It sought to establish human rights as universal principles for the emerging world order. But history repeated itself: Historicism once again weakened confidence in human rights. The enemies of human rights take advantage of this weakness. We therefore have to live with the paradox that universalism is necessary because humanity shares a single world, but that historical self-reflection is also unavoidable. In other words, the Enlightenment principle of universalism must accept historicism as an integral part of itself.
This study investigated how children, a post‐war generation without direct connection to war, relate to the commemoration of World War II (WWII). Seven group interviews were held among pupils in the ...Netherlands, aged 9 to 18 (n = 55) and, subsequently, questionnaires were administered to other pupils (n = 374). Results revealed that children are affected by the collective narrative of WWII, and connect to commemoration on a social and emotional level. Comprehension, tangibility, inclusiveness and a right atmosphere are key elements to appreciate a commemoration. Insights from this study may help societies practice more appealing remembrances with post‐war generations.
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