V prispevku sta predstavljeni relativna in absolutna kronologija (bavarsko)staro- in -srednjevisokonemških izposojenk v (narečni in knjižni) slovenščini, izdelani na osnovi relativne in absolutne ...kronologije diagnostičnih glasovnih sprememb tako v (bavarski) stari in srednji visoki nemščini kot v slovenščini oz. njenih starejših časovnih različicah. Podane so tudi nove glasoslovne interpretacije nekaterih nemških izposojenk v slovenščini, npr. skedȅnj, joger in šípa.
There are 174 confirmed impact structures known on Earth (e.g.,
http://www.unb.ca/passc/ImpactDatabase/; late 2008) but a far smaller number of impact structures has yielded a well-constrained age. ...Precise and accurate age constraints are crucial for (1) correlating causes and effects on the bio- and geosphere of catastrophic processes, (2) better constraining the impactor flux through geological time and evaluation of potential impact periodicity, (3) calibrating the absolute chronostratigraphic time scale, (4) calibrating the age of within-crater continental sedimentary deposits (e.g., for regional paleo-climatic analysis), and (5) correlating impact events and distal impact ejecta occurrences.
Of these 174 listed impact structures only a few have precisely constrained ages (mostly obtained using radio-isotopic techniques, e.g. U/Pb and
40Ar/
39Ar), with only 25 ages having a stated precision better than ±
2%, and a mere 16 ages with a precision better than ±
1%. Yet, even the accuracy of some of these ages can be challenged and probably improved based on more detailed interpretations and statistically more rigorous data analysis. Although geochronologists are often circumspect and advise caution in accepting calculated ages, these ages tend to propagate into the literature without further critical evaluation, are considered “robust”, and become widely accepted ages. A review of the age data for the 25 short-listed structures suggests that 11 ages are accurate, 12 are at best ambiguous and should not be reported with any uncertainty, and 2 are not well characterized at all. We report detailed examples of misleading ages and/or age uncertainties (e.g., poor stratigraphic constraints, data over-interpretations, ambiguity due to inconsistent results), and highlight the robustness of the 11 well-defined ages. Based on observations and modeling, suggestions are made on how to obtain better ages by carrying out adequate sample preparation. We also indicate how to interpret ages for non-geochronologists. This brief review should be interpreted as a call for immediate, drastic qualitative and quantitative improvements of the ages of terrestrial impact structures.
The author analyzes in the relative and absolute chronology of the Jastorf type cemetery of Cammer. Based on grave furnishing mixtures, three evolution stages of the cemetery were delimited. It was ...established that respective stages synchronize with LT B2b / LTC1a, LT C1b / LT C2 and LT D1 or stages IIa and IIb of the pre-Roman Iron Age from Brandenburg, which corresponds in absolute data to the second quarter of the 3rd century and first decades of the 1st century BC.
The cemetery at Ljubljana – Dvorišče SAZU is of fundamental importance for the research into the Late Bronze Age in the territory of the southeastern Alps and beyond. The recently conducted revision ...of the entire cemetery revealed that the oldest cremations should be placed already at the very beginning of the Late Bronze Age period. Such observations have, furthermore, been confirmed by the new AMS dating results. The analysis of ceramic finds from Ljubljana cemetery showed that the best analogies for them can be found in the territory of the northern Carpathian Basin. Due to analogies in ceramic finds, cremated bones from cemeteries of the so-called Piliny Culture in Slovakia (Radzovce, Šafárikovo) were also sent for AMS analysis. Further typo-chronological analysis of the bronze grave goods revealed that connections with communities from the northern Carpathian Basin were decisive not only for the formative phase of the cemetery in Ljubljana at the very beginning of the Late Bronze Age but also later on during the Early Urnfield period. In conclusion, all cremation graves in Slovenia from the Initial and Early Urnfield period are considered. Although their number is exceptionally small, it seems possible to distinguish two separate phases. The oldest phase can be correlated with the Br D/Ha A1 period (Ljubljana Ia 1 phase) and is dated from the 13th century to the first half of the 12th century BC. The second phase, covering the major part of the Ha A period (Ljubljana Ia 2 phase), ends around the middle of the 11th century BC.
Das Gräberfeld von Ljubljana – Dvorišče SAZU ist für die Erforschung der Spätbronzezeit im Gebiet der südöstlichen Alpen und darüber hinaus von großer Bedeutung. Eine Neubewertung des gesamten Gräberfeldes ergab, dass die ältesten Brandbestattungen bereits an den Beginn der Spätbronzezeit zu stellen sind. Diese Beobachtungen wurden auch durch die Ergebnisse neuer AMS-Datierungen bestätigt. Die Analyse der Keramikfunde aus dem Gräberfeld von Ljubljana zeigte, dass die besten Analogien auf dem Gebiet des nördlichen Karpatenbeckens zu finden sind. Aufgrund dieser Parallelen im Keramikspektrum wurden auch AMS-Analysen von Leichenbrand aus Gräberfeldern der sog. Piliny-Kultur in der Slowakei (Radzovce, Šafárikovo) durchgeführt. Weitere typo-chronologische Untersuchungen der Bronzebeigaben legen nahe, dass Verbindungen zu Gemeinschaften aus dem nördlichen Karpatenbecken nicht nur in der Entstehungsphase des Gräberfeldes in Ljubljana am Beginn der Spätbronzezeit, sondern auch noch in der frühen Urnenfelderzeit bedeutsam waren. Zum Abschluss werden alle Brandgräber der frühen Urnenfelderzeit in Slowenien betrachtet. Trotz ihrer geringen Anzahl ist es möglich, zwei getrennte Phasen zu unterscheiden: Die ältere Phase kann mit der Br D/Ha A1-Periode (Ljubljana Ia 1-Phase) korreliert werden und wird vom 13. bis zur ersten Hälfte des 12. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. datiert. Die zweite Phase, die den größten Teil der Ha A-Periode (Ljubljana Ia 2-Phase) umfasst, endet etwa in der Mitte des 11. Jahrhunderts v. Chr.
Se hace una aportación innovadora al estudio de los cementerios en roca desde una perspectiva antropológica. Se analizan 109 tumbas, que conservan restos óseos, del cementerio de Tejuela/Villanueva ...de Soportilla que fue excavado primeramente por Alberto del Castillo y después por Aratikos Arqueólogos. No hay una relación clara entre tipos de tumbas y sexo, aunque las tumbas de bañera son más comunes entre mujeres. No hay relación con la edad a excepción de los niños muy pequeños, que están enterrados mayoritariamente en tumbas del mismo tipo. Aunque la longitud de las tumbas está correlacionada con la estatura de los individuos, no puede establecerse con precisión la edad o sexo del sujeto que se inhumó en una sepultura que se encuentre vacía. Se incluyen dataciones absolutas obtenidas a partir de los esqueletos que aportan fechas entre el último tercio del siglo VIII y comienzos del XI.
Sonoran Desert archaeological settlement is one of the most representative sites in Northwestern Mexico/Southwestern United States of the Early Agriculture period because of various cultural ...processes involved, such as the introduction of the first cultigens and the construction of Pit Houses. These early desert village settlements used geomorphological features of the local landscape to facilitate their sophisticated form of agriculture. Most of the features and artifacts at the site are associated with the Early Agricultural period of 3150-1900 cal B.P., while most occupation dates are in the Cienega phase (2800-1900 cal B.P.). Later stages are poorly documented because of the apparent reduction in population, less marked archaeological features, and extreme erosion processes. Systematic archaeological excavation revealed evidence of completely burned Pit Houses. We analyzed 56 samples belonging to four Pit Houses and one different combustion feature (Kiln or Horno, as they are locally known) in different areas of the settlement. The experimental procedure included continuous susceptibility vs. temperature measurements and step-wise alternating field demagnetizations. Only 36 samples yielded technically acceptable determinations that allowed the determination of archaeomagnetic directions. Statistically indistinguishable results were obtained from all five studied features. This finding reinforces archaeological evidence of ritual-related paraphernalia and/or apparent abandonment or, at least, migration.
This paper addresses the plain common pottery associated with Beaker contexts in the Southwest of the Iberian Peninsula. The detailed systematic study focuses on the pottery assemblage provided by ...one of the region’s most important settlements, San Blas (Badajoz, Spain), while comparisons are made with other important sites in the study area. By means of the stratigraphic, typological and statistical analysis of the data, the main patterns of change in this material culture throughout the temporal sequence are identified and the historical explanatory factors are inferred. Specifically, during the second half of the 3rd millennium cal BC, an important change took place in the management of economic risk, which is materialised by a significant reduction in food storage and by the more immediate direct or indirect consumption of resources. We suggest that these patterns reflect a shift towards a short-term projection of the future, in a context with strong evidence of instability.
•A quantitative analysis of Beaker plain common pottery of Southwestern Iberia is made.•We propose a method linking ceramic typology, stratigraphy and inferential statistics.•Significant trends in pottery diversity indicate a decrease of food storage over time.•We discover changes in resource and risk management strategies in Bell Beaker society.•We outline the factors behind the collapse of the Copper Age in the Iberian Southwest.
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