La complejidad del fenómeno campaniforme en el estuario del Tajo no encaja bien con el modelo de los tres Grupos sucesivos Internacional, Palmela e Inciso. Dicho modelo parece resultar de la ...naturaleza de los asentamientos más que de su cronología, ya que los tres grupos están presentes durante la segunda mitad del III milenio a.C. Mientras los artefactos del Grupo Internacional predominan en los sitios fortificados, los del Grupo Inciso se encuentran casi en exclusiva en yacimientos al aire libre. El Grupo Palmela parece menos importante, al menos en la región septentrional del estuario del Tajo. La notable antigüedad de la cerámica campaniforme hallada en la cabaña FM de Leceia (segundo cuarto del III milenio a. C., confirmada por datación AMS) tiene paralelos al Norte y Sur de Portugal, así como en España. En consecuencia, concluimos que en la Baja Estremadura (una de las regiones más importantes de Europa para discutir el origen y difusión del “fenómeno” campaniforme), la formación social campaniforme con sus características culturales distintivas coexistió con las culturas calcolíticas locales sin mezclarse nunca con ellas.
Abstract
The research on archaeological materials from sites 11, 15, and 20 at Święte produced a series of 13 radiocarbon dates for niche graves of the Corded Ware culture (CWC). The results are ...coherent and point to a range of 2550-2350 BC. This corresponds well with other results obtained for nearby CWC cemeteries in the Rzeszów Foothills, and is consistent with dates obtained for CWC graves in other regions in Lesser Poland: the Lesser Poland Upland, the Sokal Ridge, and the Lublin Upland. At the same time, the obtained absolute age range corresponds with a wave of influences from the North Pontic circle of steppe cultures and the Middle Dnieper culture. It can be synchronized with the beginning of the development of the classic variants of the Catacomb culture: the Ingul and Doniec variants.
A preventive excavation carried out in 2016 at the Achenheim Strasse 2 site, west of Strasbourg (Bas-Rhin) investigated part of a ringed village, over an area of one hectare, attributed to the ...Bruebach-Oberbergen horizon, an Epiroessenian group settled in Lower Alsace between 4400 and 4250 BC. Most of the storage pits discovered belong to this horizon (at least 211 and probably more than 350), and a long section of enclosure outlining a segment of a circle over 155 linear metres followed on from them, consisting of a continuous V-shaped ditch, on average 1.70 metres wide and of equivalent depth. The ditch was probably flanked on the inside by an earthen embankment, as indicated by the asymmetrical profiles of the fillings, and is interrupted twice by openings with structures assimilated to fortified entrances. The construction of the enclosure was carried out as a single project where only the entrances were redeveloped, to varying degrees. The discovery of this enclosure, identified as a defensive structure, marks an important stage in research into regional Neolithic enclosures. Indeed, up until now, such structures were only represented, from the Early Neolithic to the end of the fifth millennium, by ‘Rosheim-type’ monuments, identified by recent research as ceremonial centres. The number of excavations, the large volume of certain storage pits and the surface covered by the enclosure (which we know extends over at least 3 or 4 hectares) suggest that the site hosted a large population. This unprecedented configuration depicts the organisation of the territory and of Bruebach-Oberbergen society in a very different way from reconstructions based on regional sites, which point rather to settlements composed of farms or small scattered hamlets. We examine the historical context that led to the emergence of this large fortified village and propose a correlation with an episode of collective violence that affected Lower Alsace around 4250 BC. This episode is illustrated at Achenheim itself by very specific human deposits with vestiges of warrior rites (victory celebrations). In addition to the important reconstruction of the historical processes at work in the last third of the fifth millennium, the relative abundance of exhumed material from the site also provides the opportunity to better define the stylistic evolution of pottery, to characterise lithic and bone tools, as well as the husbandry system of the Bruebach-Oberbergen group.
Only a few astrophysical points and synchronisms listed in texts provide anchor points for the absolute chronology of Ancient Egypt. At first we will show how we can re-calculate some of these anchor ...points by using Sothic dating based on the arcus visionis method, and modelling lunar dates using a Bayesian approach. Then, we will discuss two radiocarbon studies carried out on short-lived Egyptian materials held at the Louvre Museum that could be attributed to particular reigns or other precise periods. Using a Bayesian approach, these dates were combined with the known order of succession and the lengths of reigns. Sothic and lunar dates were integrated as priors in the model. This approach has led to a new proposal for the absolute chronology of Egypt's 18th Dynasty.
► Termini post and ante quos for Egypt's 18th Dynasty were deduced using Sothic dating. ► Bayesian calculations for Thutmoses III's lunar dates were incorporated in the model. ► 14C dates were performed on objects archaeologically attributed to the 18th Dynasty. ► A Bayesian model incorporating Sothic, Lunar and Radiocarbon dates was developed. ► A temporal density for the accession date of the 18th Dynasty's kings was simulated.
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