An important characteristic of oral medicines, which include medicated chewing gums, is their pleasant taste. This can be achieved by adding taste coregents to their composition.
The aim: to choose ...rational flavour additives and justify the method of their introduction to the compressed medicated chewing gums that are being developed.
Materials and methods: mint (Natural Mint Flavor SD, Kerry Inc., Malaysia), apple (Nat Apple FlavorWonf, Kerry Inc., Malaysia) and banana (Banana FLV, Kerry Inc., Malaysia) have been used as powdered flavour additives. As flavourings – oil solutions: Peppermint Natural WonfFlavor, Kerry Inc., Malaysia), Apple (Nat Apple FlavorWonf, Kerry Inc., Malaysia), Strawberry (Strawberry FlavorWonf, Kerry Inc., Malaysia), Melon (Chemical-Food Aromatic PlantLLC, Russian Federation) and Lemon (Chemical-Food Aromatic Plant LLC, Russian Federation). Aerosil brand 380 (Evonik Resource Efficiency GmbH, Germany), Syloid® 244FP (Grace Discovery Sciences, USA) and Neusilin® ULP 2 (Fuji Chemical Industry Co. Ltd, Japan) have been taken as carriers. The choice of flavour additives and flavourings was made using organoleptic methods of coregents evaluation according to A. I. Tentsova and I. A.Yegorov. The technological and physicochemical properties of the samples were studied according to conventional methods of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine.
Results and discussion. In determining the taste of medicated chewing gums samples with different coregents, the combination of powder additive and liquid flavouring "Apple" has got the highest mark. In order to substantiate the rational method of liquid flavouring introduction in the composition of the compressed chewing gums, it is proposed to introduce the adsorbents Aerosil 380, Syloid® 244FP and Neusilin® ULP 2, which also play the role of moisture regulators and glidants. Microscopic analysis of adsorbents mixtures with flavouring, as well as physicochemical and technological investigations of the mass for pressing have revealed that the best adsorbing, moisture-regulating and flow properties has Syloid® 244FP.
Conclusions. As a coregent in medicated chewing gums was selected a combination of powdered (2.0 %) and liquid (0.6 %) flavours “Apple”. The method of introducing the oil flavouring into the composition of the compressed gums has been chosen – by spraying on the adsorbent with subsequent mixing. Based on the studies, Syloid®244FP at a concentration of 1.0 % was chosen as the rational carrier.
Engineered nanoparticles (ENP) are increasingly used to functionalize textiles taking advantage, e.g., of the antimicrobial activity of silver (Ag)-ENP or the UV-absorption of titania (TiO2)-ENP. ...Mobilization and migration of ENPs from the textile into human sweat can result in dermal exposure to these nanoobjects and their aggregates and agglomerates (NOAA). In this study we assessed exposure to NOAA migrating from commercially available textiles to artificial sweat by an experimental setup that simulates wear-and-tear during physical activity. By combining physical stress with incubation in alkaline and acidic artificial sweat solutions we experimentally realized a worst case scenario for wearing functionalized textiles during sports activities. This experimental approach is not limited to NOAA, but can be used for any other textile additive. Out of four investigated textiles, one T-shirt and one pair of trousers with claimed antimicrobial properties were found to release Ag <450 nm in detectable amounts (23-74 mu g/g/L). Textiles containing TiO2 for UV protection did not release significant amounts of TiO2 <450 nm, but the antimicrobial T-shirt released both TiO2 and Ag <450 nm. The silver was present in dissolved and particulate form, whereas TiO2 was mainly found as particulate. On the basis of our experimental results we calculated external dermal exposure to Ag and TiO2 for male and female adults per use. For silver, maximal amounts of 17.1 and 8.2 mu g/kg body weight were calculated for total and particulate Ag <450 nm, respectively. For TiO2, the exposure levels amount to maximal 11.6 mu g/kg body weight for total (mainly particulate) TiO2. In comparison with other human exposure pathways, dermal exposure to NOAA from textiles can be considered comparably minor for TiO2-NOAA, but not for Ag-NOAA.
An additive-assisted copper electroplating technique designed for infiltrating high-aspect-ratio pores was adapted to work with three-dimensional wood-derived graphitic scaffolds with aspect ratios ...ranging from 15 to 300. The poor wettability of the carbon/copper system necessitates the development of alternative infiltration techniques to produce composite structures from highly porous precursors such as wood-derived graphite. By incorporating electrolyte additives, copper infiltration was demonstrated into red oak-derived graphite scaffolds, producing a composite with a biologically-derived microstructure. Copper infiltration was studied as a function of electrolyte chemistry and deposition time in two dimensions using electron microscopy techniques and in three dimensions using X-ray computed tomography.
In this study, nylon-6 nanofiber mats containing Fe super(2+) ions were fabricated via electrospinning. The resultant electrospun nylon-6/FeCl sub(2) nanofiber mats were characterized by SEM, TEM, ...Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, wide angle XRD and DSC. Unique morphological features, such as spider's-web-like morphologies, were observed and became evident with increasing additive Fe super(2+) ions. The metastable gamma form was predominant in the as-spun nylon-6 nanofibers. The relative intensity of such gamma form gradually decreased with increasing additive Fe super(2+) ions, indicative of transformation of the crystalline structure in the electrospun nylon-6/FeCl sub(2) nanofibers due to strong molecular interactions between the nylon-6 backbone and the additive Fe super(2+) ions. The effects of additive Fe super(2+) ions on the mechanical properties of both nonwoven nanofiber mats and single nanofibers were investigated. In particular, Young's modulus of nylon-6/FeCl sub(2) single nanofibers gradually increased from 1.46 to 5.26 GPa with increasing additive Fe super(2+) ions. copyright 2013 Society of Chemical Industry The crystallinity and mechanical properties of the nylon-6/FeCl sub(2) nanofibers were significantly influenced by the Fe super(2+)-ion additives. Unique morphological features, such as spider-net like morphologies, were observed at higher sub(Fe) ( greater than or equal to 15 wt%).
PP-Splines are commonly used for derivative estimation where a non-linear relationship exists between the response and explanatory variables. However, questions about the error of these estimates ...have arisen. Incorporating an extra penalty term in a PP-Spline model is proposed as an improvement when derivative estimation is of primary concern. This additive penalty approach to derivative estimation is shown to improve on the PP-Spline estimates based on the results of a simulation study to compare the performance when estimating the first and second derivatives of six simulated functions. A method for generating variability bands for PP-Spline derivative estimates with and without an additive penalty is given. The proposed additive penalty variability bands are shown to behave better than their single penalty counterpart. Motivating examples in environmental and sports science are used to demonstrate the need for accurate derivative estimates and the benefit of using an additional penalty term to this end.
B(4)C matrix composites containing 0.5-10 vol% carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were fabricated by hot-pressing using Al additive and the effects of CNT addition on mechanical and thermal properties of the ...B(4)C/CNT composites were investigated for improvement of control material of fission reactors. Bulk densities of the composites decreased with increasing the amount of CNT. The CNTs in the composites were orientated slightly perpendicular to the hot-pressing direction and the anisotropic microstructure was formed. Vickers hardness and elastic modulus of the composites decreased with an increase in the amount of CNT. Fracture toughness of the composites was slightly improved by CNT addition, and at high CNT contents, bridging by CNT was observed in the cracks. Thermal conductivities of the composites increased slightly as compared with those of B(4)C without CNT. However, clear improvement effect by the CNT addition on the thermal conductivities of the composites was not observed within the evaluated compositions.
The inconsistency of phytogenic feed additives' (PFA) effects on the livestock industry poses a risk for their use as a replacement for antibiotic growth promoters. The livestock market is being ...encouraged to use natural growth promotors, but information is limited about the PFA mode of action. The aim of this paper is to present the complexity of compounds present in essential oils (EOs) and factors that influence biological effects of PFA. In this paper, we highlight various controls and optimization parameters that influence the processes for the standardization of these products. The chemical composition of EOs depends on plant genetics, growth conditions, development stage at harvest, and processes of extracting active compounds. Their biological effects are further influenced by the interaction of phytochemicals and their bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract of animals. PFA effects on animal health and production are also complex due to various EO antibiotic, antioxidant, anti-quorum sensing, anti-inflammatory, and digestive fluids stimulating activities. Research must focus on reliable methods to identify and control the quality and effects of EOs. In this study, we focused on available microencapsulation techniques of EOs to increase the bioavailability of active compounds, as well as their application in the animal feed additive industry.
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