Bail at the founding Funk, Kellen R; Mayson, Sandra G
Harvard law review,
05/2024, Letnik:
137, Številka:
7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
How did criminal bail work in the Founding era? This question has become pressing as bail, and bail reform, have attracted increasing attention, in part because history is thought to bear on the ...meaning of bail-related constitutional provisions. To date, however, there has been no thorough account of bail at the Founding. This Article begins to correct the deficit in our collective memory by describing bail law and practice in the Founding era, from approximately 1790 to 1810. In order to give a full account, we surveyed a wide range of materials, including Founding-era statutes, case law, legal treatises, and manuals for magistrates; and original court, jail, administrative, and justice-of-the-peace records held in archives and private collections.
The historical inquiry illuminates three key facts. First, the black-letter law of bail in the Founding era was highly protective of pretrial liberty. A uniquely American framework for bail guaranteed release, in theory, for nearly all accused persons. Second, things were different on the ground. The primary records reveal that, for those who lived on the margins of society, bail practice bore little resemblance to the law on the books, and pretrial detention was routine. The third key point cuts across the law and reality of criminal bail: both in theory and in practice, the bail system was a system of unsecured pledges, not cash deposits. It operated through reputational capital, not financial capital. This fact refutes the claim, frequently advanced by opponents of contemporary bail reform, that cash bail is a timeless American tradition. The contrast between the written ideals and the actual practice of bail in the Founding era, meanwhile, highlights the difficulty of looking to the past for a determinate guide to legal meaning.
Abstract
This article examines the application of proportionality in Chinese administrative litigation over the last two decades and argues that courts in administrative litigation that serve the ...party-state and tend to uphold state/collective interest have altered proportionality to be state-centric. It finds that the courts invoked proportionality in a negligible portion of all administrative litigation judgments and had inadequate emphases on protecting individual rights. Proportionality has not appreciably assisted the courts in enhancing their oversight of governmental power and protection of individual rights. This article suggests that this is attributable to the restricted function of administrative litigation in China’s party-state governance structure and owing to the country’s long-held belief that public interest takes precedence over individual rights. Administrative litigation, which China’s ruling party employs to resolve principal–agent issues, is seriously constrained. The courts are expected to review the formal legality of executive actions, but not their substance. Informed by the Chinese human rights belief, which favors collectivism over individualism, the courts are skewed toward public interest in the balancing analysis when applying proportionality.
Una de las principales novedades de la reforma administrativa del año 2015 fue la incorporación de una regulación relativa a la potestad reglamentaria de aplicación a todas las Administraciones ...públicas. En el título VI de la Ley 39/2015, de 1 de octubre, del Procedimiento Administrativo Común de las Administraciones Públicas, destaca la exigencia de una consulta pública previa a la elaboración de determinadas iniciativas reglamentarias, un trámite distinto de los clásicos de audiencia e información pública, que trata de garantizar la participación ciudadana de forma preliminar a la redacción de un proyecto normativo. Sin embargo, este trámite ha suscitado dudas en cuanto a su constitucionalidad, circunstancia que comportó un pronunciamiento por parte del Tribunal Constitucional, así como su aplicación a determinadas materias con regulación propia, tales como el urbanismo o el tributario local. Asimismo, se ha planteado la duda en cuanto a los efectos jurídicos de la omisión de este trámite. El presente trabajo trata de sintetizar los distintos pronunciamientos emitidos recientemente por los tribunales del orden contencioso-administrativo.
This article examines the citation practices of the provincial administrative courts in Poland in a sample of judgments issued in the years 2009–2016. The analysis strives to assess the factors ...affecting the use of other court citations and the prestige of provincial courts manifested in the higher citations of their verdicts. The methods used involve logistic and zero-inflated negative binomial regressions on the set of factors relating to court circuit characteristics, the performance of courts, the features of cases and the efficiency of the administration in a given province. The results indicate that, out of sixteen courts, there is only one provincial administrative court with high prestige. The number of citations is higher for more populated circuits and decreases with the number of employed judges in a court. While small courts cite more they are also more frequently cited than larger ones.
In this article, we explore the use of immigration detention for asylum seekers in Britain and France who are awaiting removal to other European Union (EU) member states for processing under the ...terms of the Dublin Convention. As we will show, the emphasis on risk assessment as the grounds for detaining these people recasts humanitarian protections as security matters, effectively folding asylum seekers into a broader criminalisation of migration. A punitive response to those seeking refuge, this practice blurs the line between detention and asylum, and thereby hollows out key international human rights protections that have been central to the European project.
In this article, we explore the use of immigration detention for asylum seekers in Britain and France who are awaiting removal to other European Union (EU) member states for processing under the ...terms of the Dublin Convention. As we will show, the emphasis on risk assessment as the grounds for detaining these people recasts humanitarian protections as security matters, effectively folding asylum seekers into a broader criminalisation of migration. A punitive response to those seeking refuge, this practice blurs the line between detention and asylum, and thereby hollows out key international human rights protections that have been central to the European project.
This ethnographic study examines how Swedish administrative judges apply the principle of treating like cases the same and unlike cases differently when adjudicating asylum claims. The findings ...suggest that judges construct asylum claims like citizens' claims for welfare benefits and unlike protection claims made by citizens. Drawing on Hannah Arendt's critique of the state-centric foundation of contemporary human rights framework, I demonstrate that the Swedish asylum procedure is structured according to a similar state-centric foundation. Therefore, it reinforces injustices that exist between those who belong to a political community and those who stand outside that community asking to be let in. This study contributes to previous research on asylum adjudication by shedding light on structural injustices embedded within legal practices rather than searching for explanations in extra-legal factors. The implication of this approach is that it makes visible a paradox: that judges' commitment to procedural justice principles can perpetuate structural injustices.
Class actions are a fundamental tool for access to justice, for saving judicial resources, and for deterrence. While they are, in principle, available in all areas of civil law, the Quebec Court of ...Appeal recently confirmed that they cannot be brought when the dispute falls exclusively within the jurisdiction of an administrative tribunal. As a result, cases that could be decided collectively, such as those between dozens of tenants and large property owners, must instead be decided individually. Many litigants simply do not have the means or the will to litigate for amounts that, taken individually, are not worth the effort. This article explores three possible solutions to rectify the situation with respect to residential leases: strengthening the test case mechanism before the Tribunal administratif du logement, making it possible to bring class actions in this area before the Superior Court of Quebec, and giving the Tribunal administratif du logement the power to hear such actions. Given the objectives of class actions and the experience of some other jurisdictions, the latter solution appears to be the most promising and should therefore be explored by the legislator. Finally, the article concludes that this solution is consistent with the 'Constitution' of Canada.
Przedmiot badań: Przedmiotem badań w niniejszym opracowaniu są praktyczne i teoretyczne problemy związane z procedurą wygaśnięcia mandatu ławnika oraz jego odwołania. W szczególności skupiono się na ...obligatoryjnych i fakultatywnych przesłankach odwołania ławnika i wygaśnięcia jego mandatu, podmiotach uczestniczących w tej procedurze oraz konsekwencjach wszczęcia procedury odwoławczej. Analizie poddano przede wszystkim ustawową regulację, wynikającą z ustawy prawo o ustroju sądów powszechnych, przy czym odniesiono ją również do innych przepisów prawa, w szczególności regulacji postępowania karnego.
Cel badawczy: Celem badawczym jest naświetlenie luk prawnych dotyczących omawianego zagadnienia oraz praktycznych problemów z tego wynikających i ich konsekwencji. W odniesieniu do pojawiających się problemów praktycznych przedstawiono również opcje ich rozwiązania. Dodatkowo autor stawia sobie za cel sformułowanie postulatów de lege ferenda, które pozwoliłyby na lepsze wypełnienie norm prawnych oraz umocniły sytuację ławników.
Metoda badawcza: W tekście wykorzystano przede wszystkim metodę teoretycznoprawną oraz dogmatycznoprawną. Skupiono się na analizie unormowań prawnych omawianej instytucji, a także orzecznictwa (sądów powszechnych, administracyjnych oraz Sądu Najwyższego) i poglądów przedstawicieli doktryny prawa karnego procesowego.
Wyniki: Regulacja omawianego zagadnienia jest pod wieloma względami wadliwa. Występują liczne nielogiczności i niespójności przepisów, szczególnie w zestawieniu z formalnie równorzędną orzeczniczo pozycją sędziów zawodowych i sędziów społecznych. Ponadto pewne kwestie są również dwuznaczne i mogą być wykładane w odmienny sposób, co utrudnia wykonanie ustawowych dyspozycji, szczególnie w zakresie wyłonienia podmiotów odpowiedzialnych za poszczególne czynności procedury odwoławczej, tj. zwierzchnika ławnika.
