Globally, grey wastewater management is potently mismanaged in developing countries, which is a threat to circular economy. In order to address two significant challenges, water scarcity and water ...management, this literature study intends to offer insightful information on the environmental impact and mitigation of surfactants present in greywater. The present review focuses on the recent advancements made in eliminating surfactants from greywater through various techniques such as adsorption, ultrafiltration, biodegradation, and bio-membrane separation. Despite these advancements, the complete elimination of surfactants remains a substantial and unresolved challenge. To address this widening gap in wastewater management, the present study also emphasizes the urgent implementation for alternative strategies through the reuse of both treated and untreated greywater. Additionally, it emphasizes the specific influence of surfactants on plant growth and productivity. It explores the potential of greywater as a nutrient source for crop cultivation in both terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments, using techniques such as aeroponics. It further delves into the aspects associated with the establishment of an aeroponic module for crop cultivation using GW, highlighting the importance of optimizing module design by considering various operational parameters, with a focus on surfactant-related factors such as concentration and type. However, the adoption of safe greywater reuse in irrigation and cultivation continues to face many challenges and criticism, which have been further elucidated in this review.
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•High concentration of surfactants in greywater (GW) effluents contributes critical risk.•GW remediation attained through surfactant removal techniques.•Terrestrial irrigation using GW promotes sustainable agriculture practices.•GW as a nutrient source in aeroponics accelerates circular economy.
The pH of the solution in the rhizosphere is an important factor that determines the availability and mobility of nutrients for plant uptake. Solution pH may also affect the root distribution and ...architecture of apple rootstocks. In this study, we evaluated the effect of solution pH on root system development of apple rootstocks using an aeroponics system designed and developed at Cornell AgriTech Geneva, USA. Four Geneva ® apple rootstocks (G.210, G.214, G.41, and G.890) were grown in an aeroponic system under nutrient solution misting featuring continuously adjusted pH levels to three pH treatments (5.5, 6.5, and 8.0). Root development was monitored for 30 days and evaluated regularly for distribution and root mass. Images of the developed roots grown in the aeroponic system were collected at the end of the experiment using a high-resolution camera and analyzed using GiA Roots ® software, which generates root architecture parameter values in a semi-automated fashion. The resulting root architecture analysis showed that the Geneva ® rootstocks were significantly different for two architecture parameters. The length-to-width ratio analysis represented by two GiA Roots parameters (minor-to-major ellipse ratio and network width-to-depth ratio) showed that G.210 was flatter than G.890, which had a greater tendency to grow downward. Rootstocks G.214 and G.41 displayed similar growth values. The solution pH affected most root architecture parameter measurements where overall root growth was higher at pH 8 than at pH 5.5 and 6.5, which showed similar growth. In general, the average root width tended to decrease at higher pH values. While there were no significant differences in the leaf nutrient concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Zn, Cu, and Fe within the four rootstocks, the pH level of the solution had a significant effect on P, Ca, and Mn. This study is the first of its kind to investigate the effect of pH on root architecture in a soil-free (aeroponic) environment and may have implications for apple root behavior under field conditions where pH levels are different.
Abstract
A commercial plant probiotic product was developed employing
Bacillus subtilis
CW-S in submerged fermentation. The effects of molasses and urea on cell growth were investigated with the goal ...of low-cost manufacturing. Plackett–Burman and Central-Composite Design (CCD) were utilized to optimize production parameters to maximize productivity. The stability of the formulated product and its efficacy in cultivating minituber in aeroponics and industrial-grade potatoes in the field were assessed. The results showed that the medium BS10 (molasses and urea) produced satisfactory cell density (7.19 × 10
8
CFU/mL) as compared to the control (1.51 × 10
7
CFU/mL) and BS1-BS9 (expensive) media (1.84 × 10
7
–1.37 × 10
9
CFU/mL). According to validated CCD results, optimized parameters fitted well in pilot (300 L; 2.05 × 10
9
CFU/mL) and industrial (3000 L; 2.01 × 10
9
CFU/mL) bioreactors, resulting in a two-fold increase in cell concentration over laboratory (9.84 × 10
8
CFU/mL) bioreactors. In aeroponics, CW-S produced excellent results, with a significant increase in the quantity and weight of minitubers and the survival rate of transplanted plantlets. In a field test, the yield of industrial-grade (> 55 mm) potatoes was increased with a reduction in fertilizer dose. Overall, the findings suggest that CW-S can be produced commercially utilizing the newly developed media and optimized conditions, making plant probiotics more cost-effective and accessible to farmers for crop cultivation, particularly in aeroponic minituber and industrial-grade potato production.
Root and tuber crops are becoming more important for their high source of carbohydrates, next to cereals. Despite their commercial impact, there are significant knowledge gaps about the environmental ...and inherent regulation of storage root (SR) differentiation, due in part to the innate problems of studying storage roots and the lack of a suitable model system for monitoring storage root growth. The research presented here aimed to develop a reliable, low-cost effective system that enables the study of the factors influencing cassava storage root initiation and development.
We explored simple, low-cost systems for the study of storage root biology. An aeroponics system described here is ideal for real-time monitoring of storage root development (SRD), and this was further validated using hormone studies. Our aeroponics-based auxin studies revealed that storage root initiation and development are adaptive responses, which are significantly enhanced by the exogenous auxin supply. Field and histological experiments were also conducted to confirm the auxin effect found in the aeroponics system. We also developed a simple digital imaging platform to quantify storage root growth and development traits. Correlation analysis confirmed that image-based estimation can be a surrogate for manual root phenotyping for several key traits.
The aeroponic system developed from this study is an effective tool for examining the root architecture of cassava during early SRD. The aeroponic system also provided novel insights into storage root formation by activating the auxin-dependent proliferation of secondary xylem parenchyma cells to induce the initial root thickening and bulking. The developed system can be of direct benefit to molecular biologists, breeders, and physiologists, allowing them to screen germplasm for root traits that correlate with improved economic traits.
Light acts as a trigger to enhance the accumulation of secondary compounds in the aboveground part of plants; however, whether a similar triggering effect occurs in roots is unclear. Using an ...aeroponic setup, we investigated the effect of long-term exposure of roots to LED lighting of different wavelengths on the growth and phytochemical composition of two high-value medicinal plants,
and
. In
, root exposure to white, blue, and red light enhanced the accumulation of artemisinin in the shoots by 2.3-, 2.5-, and 1.9-fold, respectively. In
, root exposure to white, blue, red, and green light enhanced the accumulation of coumaroylquinic acid in leaves by 89, 65, 84, and 74%, respectively. Root lighting also increased flavonol concentrations. In contrast to its effects in the shoots, root illumination did not change phytochemical composition in the roots or root exudates. Thus, root illumination induces a systemic response, resulting in modulation of the phytochemical composition in distal tissues remote from the light exposure site.
Withanolides constitute one of the most interesting classes of natural products due to their diversity of structures and biological activities. Our recent studies on withanolides obtained from plants ...of Solanaceae including
and a number of
species grown under environmentally controlled aeroponic conditions suggested that this technique is a convenient, reproducible, and superior method for their production and structural diversification. Investigation of aeroponically grown
afforded 29 withanolides compared to a total of 13 obtained previously from the wild-crafted plant and included 12 new withanolides, physacoztolides I-M (
-
), 15
-acetoxy-28-hydroxyphysachenolide C (
), 28-oxophysachenolide C (
), and 28-hydroxyphysachenolide C (
), 5
-chloro-6
-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrophysachenolide D (
), 15
-acetoxy-5
-chloro-6β-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrophysachenolide D (
), 28-hydroxy-5
-chloro-6
-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrophysachenolide D (
), physachenolide A-5-methyl ether (
), and 17 known withanolides
-
,
, and
-
. The structures of
-
were elucidated by the analysis of their spectroscopic data and the known withanolides
-
,
, and
-
were identified by comparison of their spectroscopic data with those reported. Evaluation against a panel of prostate cancer (LNCaP, VCaP, DU-145, and PC-3) and renal carcinoma (ACHN) cell lines, and normal human foreskin fibroblast (WI-38) cells revealed that
,
, and
-
had potent and selective activity for prostate cancer cell lines. Facile conversion of the 5,6-chlorohydrin
to its 5,6-epoxide
in cell culture medium used for the bioassay suggested that the cytotoxic activities observed for
-
may be due to in situ formation of their corresponding 5β,6β-epoxides,
,
, and
.
Traditionally, crops are cultivated in soil-based open field systems. Seasonality, environmental degradation, urbanization, and food security issues have replaced open-field systems with modern plant ...production systems. Soilless culture is one of the modern plant production systems, which involves much higher use of available resources. The presented study provides information about currently accessible soilless systems and discussed the aeroponic system. Compared to other soilless systems, aeroponic reduce water usage through continuous water circulation. However, the aeroponic is not entirely implemented among local farmers, and very few farmers have adopted the system due to the lack of research and technical information available in the literature. Therefore, this study was planned to provide information about the development and maintenance tasks required for practicing the aeroponic system. This study could provide knowledge to the researchers, farmers, and those people interested in practicing the aeroponic system.
Multiple signals regulate tuberization in potato and among them, photoperiod and temperature are most crucial. Optimum temperature for tuberization is around 20 °C and elevated temperatures above ...optimum drastically reduces tuberization. Our study therefore aims at understanding and establishing a system to study the effect of shoot and root zone temperatures on tuberization. Towards this, a less photosensitive cultivar, Kufri Jyoti was identified initially by analysing the allelic variations in CDF1 gene. Using the aeroponic systems housed inside the poly house, the effect of temperature on tuberization was studied. Following staggered sowing on aeroponic chambers during rabi season (Oct-Dec), the shoot zone (Sz) and root zone (Rz) were exposed to elevated mean cumulative day temperatures with one set of chambers regulated to maintain optimum temperature of 19 ± 2 °C in Rz (Rz-R) irrespective of date of sowing/ planting. With delayed planting, plants were exposed to high temperatures and our study demonstrated that, elevated temperatures in Sz and/or Rz had significant effect on growth attributes, tuber number and tuber weight per plant. While the tuber number was significantly higher under optimum root and shoot zone temperature, it was rather decreased by 3.5 and 2.3 for every degree rise in Rz (irrespective of Sz) and Sz (irrespective of Rz) temperature, respectively. However, regulating the Rz temperature inside the aeroponic chambers, reasonably a good number of mini-tubers per plant was produced regardless of the shoot zone temperatures suggesting that, root temperature is more crucial than shoot temperature. Furthermore, reduction in tuberization at elevated temperature was correlated well with reduction in expression of key positive regulators (StSP6A, StBEL5) and enhanced expression of key negative regulator, StSP5G in both leaves and solons. Taken together, our data suggest that, regulation of both root and shoot zone temperatures are important for effective tuberization and tuber yield in potato.
•Elevated shoot zone (Sz) and root zone (Rz) temperature above optimum significantly affected plants growth and tuber yield.•Every degree rise in Sz and Rz zone temperature above optimum resulted in significant reduction in tuber number and weight.•Root zone temperature is more critical in regulating tuber number and tuber weight than shoot zone temperature.•At elevated Sz and Rz temperatures, expression of positive and negative regulators decreased and increased respectively.•Regulating Rz temperature would likely to help maintain mini-tuber production even under non-optimal shoot zone conditions.
Abstract
Lettuce is one of the vegetables that are often found and consumed by the people of Indonesia, but the demand for lettuce is always not fulfilled because the low production. Aeroponic system ...is one of the alternatives to solve this problem, because the aeroponic system has many advantages and does not require a large area of land. The purpose of this study was to observe differences in the timing of nutrition in lettuce plants with an aeroponic system. The study used a randomized block design (RBD) with a single factor, consisting of 6 treatments with 5 replications, so there were 60 experimental units. t1= 30 seconds (on) : 10 minutes (off); t2= 30 seconds (on) : 15 minutes (off); t3= 30 seconds (on) : 20 minutes (off); t4= 30 seconds (on) : 25 minutes (off); t5= 30 seconds (on) : 30 minutes (off); t6= (Non-Stop). The results showed that the difference in time of giving nutrition to lettuce in the aeroponic system affected the growth of lettuce and resulted in differences in plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf area and fresh weight for each lettuce plant. Treatment t6 (continuous nutrition / Non Stop) was known to be the optimum treatment which produced lettuce with a fresh weight of 207.5 g.
Abstract
The main aim of this paper was to investigate the possibility of growing basil under three soilless systems (aeroponic, hydroponic and peatmoss slab systems). A model was developed to ...predict the nutrients consumption by basil plants. Shoot and root height, fresh and dry mass of whole plant, nutrients uptake, and oil content were studied during the growth period (after 4 and 7 weeks from transplanting). The results indicated that the shoot lengths of basil plants were 71.67 ± 2.89, 65.67 ± 1.15 and 62.33 ± 2.31 cm at the end of growth period for aeroponic, hydroponic and peatmoss slabs, respectively. The highest value of root height of basil plants was 37.67 ± 6.66 cm for aeroponic system. The dry mass of shoot of basil plants ranged from 28.48 ± 0.91 to 44.77 ± 0.97 and 72.98 ± 0.83 to 117.93 ± 1.40 g plant
−1
after 4 and 7 weeks from transplanting, respectively. The highest values of the N, P, K, Ca and Mg uptakes were 753.99 ± 5.65, 224.88 ± 3.05, 449.75 ± 4.59, 529.12 ± 6.63 and 112.44 ± 1.67 mg plant
−1
at the end of experimental period, respectively. The basil oil content ranged from 1.129 (1.11%) to 2.520 (1.80%) and 2.664 (1.42%) to 6.318 (1.44%) g plant
−1
after 4 and 7 weeks from transplanting, respectively at the same pervious order. The production costs of basil plant were 2.93, 5.27 and 6.24 EGP kg
−1
of plant. The model results were in a reasonable agreement with the experimental ones.
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