Sulfoxaflor (SFX) is a fourth-generation neonicotinoid used widely in modern agriculture. Due to its high water solubility and mobility in environment, it is expected to occur in water environment. ...Degradation of SFX leads to formation of corresponding amide (M474), which in the light of recent studies may be much more toxic to aquatic organisms than the parent molecule. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the potential of two common species of unicellular bloom-forming cyanobacteria (Synechocystis salina and Microcystis aeruginosa) to metabolize SFX in a 14-day-long experiment, using elevated (10 mg L−1) and predicted highest environmental (10 μg L−1) concentrations. The results obtained support the occurrence of SFX metabolism in cyanobacterial monocultures, leading to release of M474 into the water. Differential SFX decline in culture media, followed by the presence of M474, was observed for both species at different concentration levels. For S. salina, SFX concentration decreased by 7.6% at lower concentration and by 21.3% at higher concentration; the M474 concentrations were 436 ng L−1 and 514 μg L−1, respectively. Corresponding values for M. aeruginosa were 14.3% and 3.0% for SFX decline; 282 ng L−1 and 317 μg L−1 for M474 concentration. In the same time, abiotic degradation was almost non-existent. Metabolic fate of SFX was then studied for its elevated starting concentration. Uptake of SFX to cells and amounts of M474 released to water fully addressed the decrease in SFX concentration in M. aeruginosa culture, while in S. salina 15.5% of initial SFX was transformed to yet unknown metabolites. The degradation rate of SFX observed in the present study is sufficient to produce a concentration of M474 that is potentially toxic for aquatic invertebrates during cyanobacterial blooms. Therefore, there is a need for more reliable risk assessment for the presence of SFX in natural waters.
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•First evidence for sulfoxaflor (SFX) degradation in water by cyanobacteria.•Formation of corresponding SFX-amide (M474) was documented.•Up to 5% of SFX transformed to M474 in a single bloom event.•Increase in toxicity towards aquatic invertebrates is expected.•Risk assessment for SFX in water environment needs to be updated.
Organic Synthesis: March of the Machines Ley, Steven V.; Fitzpatrick, Daniel E.; Ingham, Richard. J. ...
Angewandte Chemie International Edition,
March 9, 2015, Letnik:
54, Številka:
11
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Organic synthesis is changing; in a world where budgets are constrained and the environmental impacts of practice are scrutinized, it is increasingly recognized that the efficient use of human ...resource is just as important as material use. New technologies and machines have found use as methods for transforming the way we work, addressing these issues encountered in research laboratories by enabling chemists to adopt a more holistic systems approach in their work. Modern developments in this area promote a multi‐disciplinary approach and work is more efficient as a result. This Review focuses on the concepts, procedures and methods that have far‐reaching implications in the chemistry world. Technologies have been grouped as topics of opportunity and their recent applications in innovative research laboratories are described.
Transforming chemistry: New technologies and machines have found use as methods for changing the way we work, addressing the resource‐based issues encountered in research laboratories by enabling chemists to adopt a more holistic systems approach in their work. This Review focuses on the concepts, procedures, and methods that have far‐reaching implications in the chemistry world.
•Green analytical tools have been classified on the basis of analytical strategies.•Emphasis has been given upon the analytical performance of green analytical tools.•Research trends using green ...techniques for narcotics analysis have been reviewed.•Illicit drugs have been identified in biological matrices using green techniques.
Green analytical tools originated from the principles of green chemistry. Over time, the green analytical techniques evolved into practices that reduce the environmental impact of hazardous chemicals and increase the chemical analysis's efficiency, specificity, and rapidity. Narcotics are potent analgesics often abused due to their side effects. These drugs induce a state of stupor and have a euphoric effect on the abusers. Green analytical tools are the emerging techniques that reduce the consumption of chemicals, decrease the analysis time and utilize the direct method of analysis and combinative techniques to reduce the sample preparation and pre-treatment processes. This article discusses the utilization of green analytical tools for the detection and analysis of narcotics drugs. The green analytical techniques can be classified into four categories based on their analytical strategies: chromatographic tools, microextraction-based techniques, spectroscopic tools, and sensor-based tools. When compared with their conventional counterparts, these techniques consume less energy and are more efficient, require minimal space, and are more advanced. The research trends indicated that for the analysis of the narcotics substances, green analytical tools need to be developed as the existing trends focus more on conventional methods that may compromise the integrity of analytes or have more adverse effects upon the environment. This review paper focuses on researches that span in the last 6 years of studies. A selected few researches have also been cited in this review paper that date back to almost 10 years.
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Microplastics (MPs) form the most investigated plastic category since their size (1 μm- 5 mm) enables them to accumulate in various environmental compartments and to be ingested by biota. Beach sand ...and sediment can be indicators of the MP contamination levels of the coastal and marine ecosystem and, thus, they are widely analyzed. With the increasing number of publications in recent years, there is a need for constant updates on the variety of extraction and analysis procedures developed. Thus, this review aims to evaluate the sample preparation techniques for MPs and provide a critical discussion on their determination in sand and sediment based on studies published in the last 5 years. We also report the conditions imposed by the MPs identification and quantification techniques on sample preparation and MPs isolation as well as the materials used in the procedures. Finally, we address the expectations and new challenges related to instrumental innovations.
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•Novelties in the MP analysis in sand and sediment are explored.•Compatibility between extraction and determination is analyzed.•There is a need for protocols optimization in MP analysis.•Challenges and future aspects focus on instrumental innovations.
Globally, honey is consumed as natural functional food, featuring high economic value, related to its authenticity and purity. Due to the high demand for honey, it has been wildly targeted for food ...adulteration with substandard honey or low-price syrups, and emerging absorbent resin technology has also affected the honey market. Researchers worldwide have been working persistently to invent and innovate advanced technologies for detecting honey adulteration and assuring its authenticity. The compositional intricacy of pure and unauthentic honey could be easily detangled by a combined approach of chemometrics and instrument. In this palimpsest, various detection methods like ISCIRA, NMR, AT-FTIR, Sensors, PCR based assay united with an appropriate Multivariate approach that provides accurate and acceptable results for the determination of honey authentication and adulteration were described. The botanical origin authentication of honey was determined with the application of δ13C-EA-IRMS and δ13C-LC-IRMS coupled SVM, which discriminate samples based on specific markers. LIBS, NMR, HPTLC, UHPLC, GC, and real-time PCR, generated data and processed with LDA, OPLS, PCA, ANN, CNN etc. The generated data discriminate adulterated honey from pure, as NMR clubbed with PCA can detect 1% of adulterants in honey. Hence, various methodologies in chemometrics have manifested their proficiency during ground application. Perhaps, there is a long way to go in this field to develop a universal technology for honey authentication and adulteration detection.
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The clinical success of polypeptides as polymeric drugs, covered by the umbrella term “polymer therapeutics,” combined with related scientific and technological breakthroughs, explain their ...exponential growth in the development of polypeptide-drug conjugates as therapeutic agents. A deeper understanding of the biology at relevant pathological sites and the critical biological barriers faced, combined with advances regarding controlled polymerization techniques, material bioresponsiveness, analytical methods, and scale up-manufacture processes, have fostered the development of these nature-mimicking entities. Now, engineered polypeptides have the potential to combat current challenges in the advanced drug delivery field. In this review, we will discuss examples of polypeptide-drug conjugates as single or combination therapies in both preclinical and clinical studies as therapeutics and molecular imaging tools. Importantly, we will critically discuss relevant examples to highlight those parameters relevant to their rational design, such as linking chemistry, the analytical strategies employed, and their physicochemical and biological characterization, that will foster their rapid clinical translation.
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In recent years, there has been an increasingly growing interest regarding the use of electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) which are considered highly promising alternative treatment ...techniques for addressing environmental issues related to pollutants of emerging concern. In EAOPs, electrogenerated oxidizing agents, such as hydroxyl radical (HO•), can react non-selectively with a wide range of organic compounds, degrading and mineralizing their structures to unharmful molecules like CO2, H2O, and inorganic ions. To this date, a broad spectrum of advanced electrocatalysts have been developed and applied for the treatment of compounds of interest in different matrices, specifically aiming at enhancing the degradation performance. New combined methods have also been employed as alternative treatment techniques targeted at circumventing the major obstacles encountered in Fenton-based processes, such as high costs and energy consumption, which still contribute significantly toward inhibiting the large-scale application of these processes. First, some fundamental aspects of EAOPs will be presented. Further, we will provide an overview of electrode materials which have been recently developed and reported in the literature, highlighting different anode and cathode structures employed in EAOPs, their main advantages and disadvantages, as well as their contribution to the performance of the treatment processes. The influence of operating parameters, such as initial concentrations, pH effect, temperature, supporting electrolyte, and radiation source, on the treatment processes were also studied. Finally, hybrid techniques which have been reported in the literature and critically assess the most recent techniques used for evaluating the degradation efficiency of the treatment processes.
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•Electro-Fenton and Oxidation Processes removing contaminants of emerging concern.•An overview of recently developed electrode materials is provided.•The combination of methods to provide hybrid processes is summarized.•The most recently used techniques to evaluate degradation efficiency are discussed.
The global dynamics in a variety of biological processes can be revealed by mapping transcriptional m
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A sites have contributed to ...biological function, which can be evaluated by stoichiometric information obtained from the single nucleotide resolution. Currently, the identification of m
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A sites is mainly carried out by experiment and prediction methods, based on high-throughput sequencing and machine learning model respectively. This review summarizes the recent topics and progress made in bioinformatics methods of deciphering the m
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A methylation sites, techniques of data analysis, the way of predicting m
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A methylation sites, m
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A methylation databases, and detection of m
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A modification in circRNA. At the end, the essay makes a brief discussion for the development perspective in this area.
The commercial release of third-generation sequencing technologies (TGSTs), giving long and ultra-long sequencing reads, has stimulated the development of new tools for assembling highly contiguous ...genome sequences with unprecedented accuracy across complex repeat regions. We survey here a wide range of emerging sequencing platforms and analytical tools for de novo assembly, provide background information for each of their steps, and discuss the spectrum of available options. Our decision tree recommends workflows for the generation of a high-quality genome assembly when used in combination with the specific needs and resources of a project.
Tumbling sequencing costs, improvements in bioinformatic pipelines, and increased access to high-performance computing capabilities have resulted in a perfect storm where nonspecialist genomics research groups are able to access, deploy, and generate de novo genome sequences in nonmodel plant systems.However, generating a high-quality assembly for many plant species still presents significant challenges owing to genome size, complexity, and experimental and computational design.Selecting the most appropriate sequencing and software platforms for a new genome project can be confusing and daunting because of the wide spectrum of available options and the performance quality of specific tools in different contexts.
Recently, gluten free foods have attracted much research interest motivated by the increasing market. Despite the motivation for developing gluten-free foods it is necessary to have a scientific ...basis for developing gluten-free foods and the tools for detecting the peptide sequence that could be immune-toxic to some persons. This review will be focused primarily on the cereal-based commodities available for developing gluten free blends, considering naturally gluten-free cereals in addition to oats, and recent transgenic approaches for developing cereals free of immunotoxic gluten. Secondly, the biochemical tools for mimicking gluten network viscoelastic properties will be presented. Finally, special emphasis will be put in compiling the available techniques for gluten detection and quantitation.
•Cereal based commodities available for developing gluten free foods.•Genetic engineering to reduce the immunotoxic components of gluten.•Diverse techniques are available for gluten detection and quantitation.
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