Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, known together as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), and celiac disease are the most common disorders affecting not only adults but also children. Both IBDs ...and celiac disease are associated with oxidative stress, which may play a significant role in their etiologies. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide radicals (O2), hydroxyl radicals (OH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and singlet oxygen (1O2) are responsible for cell death via oxidation of DNA, proteins, lipids, and almost any other cellular constituent. To protect biological systems from free radical toxicity, several cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms exist to regulate the production of ROS, including enzymatic and nonenzymatic pathways. Superoxide dismutase catalyzes the dismutation of O2 to H2O2 and oxygen. The glutathione redox cycle involves two enzymes: glutathione peroxidase, which uses glutathione to reduce organic peroxides and H2O2; and glutathione reductase, which reduces the oxidized form of glutathione with concomitant oxidation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. In addition to this cycle, GSH can react directly with free radicals. Studies into the effects of free radicals and antioxidant status in patients with IBDs and celiac disease are scarce, especially in pediatric patients. It is therefore very necessary to conduct additional research studies to confirm previous data about ROS status and antioxidant activities in patients with IBDs and celiac disease, especially in children.
This study evaluated the chemical composition of freeze-dried jaboticaba peel (FJP) and jaboticaba peel aqueous extract (JE) and their antioxidant capacity in vitro and in vivo in obesity model. ...Phenolic compounds, total anthocyanins, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity (DPPH, FRAP, ABTS and ORAC assays) in FJP methanolic extract and JE were measured. Specific phenolics (ellagic and gallic acids) and anthocyanin (cyanidin-3-O-glucoside) were measured by LC-DAD-ESI/MS. In the biological assay thirty-six Wistar rats were divided in six groups: AIN-93M normal control diet; HFF (obese control) feed a high-fat and fructose diet; Prevention FJP (P. FJP) and Treatment FJP (T. FJP) feed HFF diet with 2% of FJP powder, for 12 and 6weeks respectively; Prevention JE (P. JE) and Treatment JE (T. JE) were feed with HFF diet and the water was substituted by JE, for 12 and 6weeks, respectively. FRAP, TBARS, GSH and antioxidant enzymes (GPx, GR, CAT and SOD) were determined in the plasma and liver. The limit of significance was set at P<0.05. The FJP methanolic extract showed higher levels of total phenolics and anthocyanins, ellagic acid and DPPH, FRAP and ORAC assay, but JE showed higher levels of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, gallic acid and ABTS assay. Antioxidant potential of the FJP and JE were confirmed by important markers in animals, such as TBARS and GSH levels and CAT activity, but not by FRAP assay, and SOD, GR and GPx enzymes. Thus, FJP and JE showed an important antioxidant effect in vitro and in vivo.
•Freeze dried jaboticaba peel reduced the lipid peroxidation in animals.•Freeze dried jaboticaba peel improved GSH levels in animals.•Freeze dried jaboticaba peel can act as functional ingredients in foods and beverages.
As a fish unique to Yunnan Province in China,
Sinocyclocheilus grahami
hosts abundant potential probiotic resources in its intestinal tract. However, the genomic characteristics of the probiotic ...potential bacteria in its intestine and their effects on
S. grahami
have not yet been established. In this study, we investigated the functional genomics and host response of a strain,
Lactobacillus salivarius
S01, isolated from the intestine of
S. grahami
(bred in captivity). The results revealed that the total length of the genome was 1,737,623 bp (GC content, 33.09%), comprised of 1895 genes, including 22 rRNA operons and 78 transfer RNA genes. Three clusters of antibacterial substances related genes were identified using antiSMASH and BAGEL4 database predictions. In addition, manual examination confirmed the presence of functional genes related to stress resistance, adhesion, immunity, and other genes responsible for probiotic potential in the genome of
L. salivarius
S01. Subsequently, the probiotic effect of
L. salivarius
S01 was investigated
in vivo
by feeding
S. grahami
a diet with bacterial supplementation. The results showed that potential probiotic supplementation increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and POD) in the hepar and reduced oxidative damage (MDA). Furthermore, the gut microbial community and diversity of
S. grahami
from different treatment groups were compared using high-throughput sequencing. The diversity index of the gut microbial community in the group supplemented with potential probiotics was higher than that in the control group, indicating that supplementation with potential probiotics increased gut microbial diversity. At the phylum level, the abundance of Proteobacteria decreased with potential probiotic supplementation, while the abundance of Firmicutes, Actinobacteriota, and Bacteroidota increased. At the genus level, there was a decrease in the abundance of the pathogenic bacterium
Aeromonas
and an increase in the abundance of the potential probiotic bacterium
Bifidobacterium
. The results of this study suggest that
L. salivarius
S01 is a promising potential probiotic candidate that provides multiple benefits for the microbiome of
S. grahami
.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between oxidative stress and cognitive function, encompassing cognitive performance, intelligence, memory, reaction time, speech and ...vision by a bidirectional Mendelian randomisation study. Independent genetic variants associated with glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), peroxiredoxin (PRDX), sulfhydryl oxidase (SOX) and thyroid peroxidase (TPO) were explored using a genome-wide association study (GWAS). The inverse variance weighted (IVW) or Wald ratio method was employed to ascertain the relationship between antioxidant enzymes and cognitive function. The MR analyses indicated that the MR effect estimates of GST (β = 0.0352, P = 0.0047, FDR = 0.0164) and TPO (β = 0.0531, P = 0.0003, FDR = 0.0021) were significantly associated with cognitive performance elevation. Furthermore, genetically predicted GST (β = 0.0334, P = 0.0043, FDR = 0.0151) and TPO (β = 0.0496, P = 0.0031, FDR = 0.0151) were found to be associated with high intelligence. Additionally, there were also some associations of SOX (β = 0.0243, P = 0.0283, FDR = 0.066) on high cognitive performance, TPO (β = 0.1189, P = 0.0315, FDR = 0.2205) on larger maximum digits remembered correctly, and SOX (β = - 0.2435, P = 0.0395, FDR = 0.1185) on reaction time. Nevertheless, the associations between antioxidant enzymes and speech and linguistic disorders, as well as visual disturbances, were not significant. We did not find reverse causation between antioxidant enzymes and cognitive function traits. This study provides evidence of potential causal relationships between oxidative stress and cognitive function.
This study investigated the effect of organic fertilizers on vegetative growth and the physiological and antioxidant activity characteristics of thyme plants grown under stress. A factorial ...experiment was conducted according to randomized complete block design with 12 combinations and 3 replications in the 2018 growing season. The experiment factors were the implementation of organic fertilizers at 4 levels (vermicompost, manure compost, animal manure, and control) and irrigation regime at 3 levels (Irr1, Irr2, and Irr3, respectively, irrigation after 60, 90, and 120 mm evaporation from A pan). The results showed that With delayed irrigation, the chlorophyll a and b contents, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid decreased, while the application of low water stress enhanced the amount of oil and the oil yield with the respective highest values of 2.61% and 3.68 g/m under mild stress conditions. Nonetheless, higher values for the aforementioned properties were noted with the application of vermicompost. Water deficit decreased nutrient uptake (K, P, and N) and relative water content, biological yield, and seed yield of thyme, indicating that thyme was sensitive to drought, and organic fertilizers application improved nutrient uptake (K, P, and N) and relative water content, biological yield and seed yield of the plant within irrigation levels. The activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase were reduced under organic fertilizers such as vermicompost and manure compost as compared with control under drought stress. The plants of thyme showed a good response to organic fertilizers under water deficit circumstances, with vermicompost being the most effective.
Introduction: Hyperglycemia in people with diabetes mellitus and its lack of control are associated with irreversible consequences. Glycation of proteins and enzymes, especially antioxidant enzymes ...in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, affects these consequences. Consumption of bioactive compounds containing antioxidants and minerals as well as the use of adjunct therapies, such as cold atmospheric plasma therapy, can be effective in preventing and controlling the consequences of diabetes mellitus.Objective: In this research, we investigated whether cold plasma treatment of diabetic samples was effective in altering the activity of oxidative enzymes, some biochemical elements, and biochemical parameters.Methods: Thirty individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 30 healthy individuals, as controls, participated in the study. The samples were exposed to cold argon plasma jet for 10 minutes (by a 10 kHz pulsed DC power supply with an amplitude up to 20.0 kV). The following contents of the serum samples of all participants were evaluated according to the instructions of the used kits before and after the cold argon plasma jet treatment: the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase enzymes; the concentration of glucose, hydrogen peroxide, and selenium binding protein 1 (as an indicator of blood selenium); and the concentration of copper, zinc, iron, and magnesium.Results: The activity of antioxidant enzymes and minerals significantly increased in diabetic samples treated with cold plasma (P value < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in the concentrations of glucose, hydrogen peroxide, or selenium binding protein 1 in diabetic samples treated with cold plasma.Conclusions: Using cold argon plasma jet as an adjunct method, which will reduce the glycation of enzymes and improve some minerals, can reduce the risk of diabetes complications in patients with diabetes mellitus.Keywords:Antioxidant enzymes, Cold plasma, Diabetes mellitus, Minerals.
A possible survival strategy of plants under effects of salinity is to use some compounds that could help plants to alleviate salt stress effect. The effect of exogenously application of trehalose as ...seed soaking prior to irrigation with different salinity levels (0, 30 and 60mM NaCl) to rice (Oriza sativa L.) varieties (Giza 177 and Giza 178) was investigated. Salinity stress decreased photosynthetic pigments and total carbohydrate, concomitantly with increasing total soluble sugars content, trehalose and proline content for both rice varieties. The activities of SOD, CAT and POX were increased with increasing salinity level. Soaking rice seeds with 25mM of trehalose (Tre) could alleviate the harmful effects of salinity stress. Moreover, a higher solute concentration contributing to osmotic adjustment and the higher antioxidant enzymes activity were observed in shoots of salinity treated Giza 178 than those of Giza 177.
•NaHS treatment improved the growth of tomato seedlings under nitrate stress.•NaHS treatment induced endogenous NO accumulation from stimulating NR activity.•NR-dependent NO production was involved ...in the alleviating effect of H2S under nitrate stress tolerance.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been proposed as the third gasotransmitter after nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide in animals and plants. In this study, the effect of H2S under excess nitrate stress in tomato root was studied. The results showed that excess nitrate inhibited the growth of tomato seedlings, while application of the H2S donor NaHS efficiently alleviated the growth inhibition, and decreased the lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and protein carbonyl contents, as well as the reactive oxygen species accumulation, especially 100μM NaHS. Treatment with NaHS under nitrate stress increased the endogenous H2S and l-cysteine desulfhydrases (LCD) activity. Moreover, treatment with NaHS induced NO production and the synthesis of NO was mediated through nitrate reductase, but not through nitric oxide synthase in the presence or absence of nitrate. Besides, exogenous NaHS increased antioxidant enzyme genes (SOD, POD, CAT, and APX) expression, reducing the oxidative stress caused by excess nitrate. The alleviating effects of lipid peroxidation, H2O2 contents, and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities by NaHS and NO donor (sodium nitroprusside, SNP), were reversed by 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5- tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide potassium salt (cPTIO), the specific scavenger of NO. Together, above results suggested that NR-dependent NO production by NaHS was involved in the alleviation of nitrate stress by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities in tomato root.
Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is one of the leading causes of gastric ulcers. Excellent therapeutic properties have made the use of NSAIDs widespread. Nano-drug delivery to ...reduce systemic toxicity through modulating drug pharmacokinetics may be a better choice. Presently, we investigated if naproxen nanoformulation (PVA capped NPRS-MgO NPs) is less toxic to be used as an alternative drug. Groups of mice were assigned to control, NPRS-treated, CNF-treated, UNF-treated, and MgO NPs-treated groups. Analyses included gross examination of gastric mucosa, calculation of ulcer and inhibition indices, determination of tissue levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced glutathione (GSH), histological and immunohistochemical assessment of i-NOS, COX-2, and caspase-3 of stomach mucosa, q-PCR for the detection of mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Results were compared statistically at P < 0.05. Compared to NPRS-treated mice which developed multiple ulcers, had elevated MDA and ROS levels, and deceased CAT, POD, SOD, and GSH levels, significantly increased expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA, damaged surface epithelium with disrupted glandular architecture and leucocyte infiltration of lamina propria with a marked increase in mucosal COX-2, i-NOS, and caspase-3 expression, oral administration of coated and uncoated naproxen nanoformulations prevented the gross mucosal damage by a restoration of all biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical alterations to near control levels. The present study demonstrates that naproxen sodium nanoformulation has a gastroprotective action and in the clinical setting can be a better alternative to conventional naproxen.
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•Mice were subjected to nanoformulation (CNF) doses of naproxen for 14 days.•Nanoformulation did not cause gastric lesions and kept stomach morphology intact.•Compared to naproxen, CNF upregulated antioxidant enzymes and reduced ROS and MDA.•In CNF IL1β, IL 6, TNFα and COX-2, iNOS, and caspase-3 expression were unaffected.•Upon histology, compared to naproxen sodium, CNF was found gastroprotective.
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