OBJETIVO: Classicamente, o pênis tem duas funções: permitir a fertilização interna e direcionar o jato miccional. Entretanto, alterações objetivas do tamanho peniano podem levar ao diagnóstico de ...doenças. Além disso, é motivo comum de consulta médica a busca por parâmetros de normalidade do tamanho do pênis. Contudo, a antropometria do pênis da criança e do adolescente brasileiros ainda não foi devidamente estudada. O objetivo do estudo é realizar a antropometria do pênis de crianças e adolescentes brasileiros, estabelecendo referências para aplicação clínica. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal, envolvendo 2.010 pacientes com idades variando entre 0 e 18 anos. Foram obtidas cinco medidas penianas: diâmetro da haste peniana; comprimento aparente e real do pênis flácido; comprimento aparente e real (CRTmax) do pênis flácido sob tração máxima. O desenvolvimento puberal foi caracterizado pelos critérios de Tanner. RESULTADOS: De todas as medidas penianas, o CRTmax foi a única que não apresentou variação significativa interpesquisador em todas as faixas etárias analisadas (p = 0,255). Os resultados foram distribuídos em tabelas com a média do CRTmax e os valores do que se considera micropênis (média - 2,5 desvio padrão) de acordo com as diferentes faixas etárias e com os diferentes graus de maturação sexual de Tanner. Foi desenvolvido um gráfico com a distribuição dos valores do CRTmax distribuído por percentis 10, 25, 50, 75 e 90 por faixa etária. CONCLUSÕES: De todas as medidas antropométricas penianas, o CRTmax é a única clinicamente útil. Recomendamos nossos resultados como referência de antropometria peniana para crianças e adolescentes brasileiros.OBJECTIVE: Classically, the penis has two functions: to make internal fertilization possible and to direct the urine stream. However, objective abnormalities in penis size can lead to diseases being diagnosed. Furthermore, many medical consultations are the result of patients seeking parameters for normal penis size. Additionally, the penile anthropometry of Brazilian children and adolescents has not yet been properly studied. The objective of this study is to carry out penile anthropometry of Brazilian children and adolescents, establishing references for clinical use. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out of 2,010 patients with ages varying from 0 to 18 years. Five penile measurements were taken: diameter of penile shaft; apparent and real length of flaccid penis; apparent and real (RSLmax) length of flaccid penis fully stretched. Pubertal development was defined according to Tanner's criteria. RESULTS: Only RSLmax, out of all of the penile measurements, did not exhibit significant interobserver variation at all ages analyzed (p = 0.255). Results were tabulated with mean RSLmax and the values that define micropenis (mean - 2.5 standard deviations) by age and by Tanner sexual maturity stages. A graph was plotted of the distribution of RSLmax results by the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th percentiles and by age. CONCLUSIONS: Out of all of the penile anthropometric measurements, only RSLmax is clinically useful. We recommend our results as a reference standard for penile anthropometry of Brazilian children and adolescents.
FUNDAMENTO: A correlação entre aumento de gordura visceral e de resistência à insulina coloca o diâmetro abdominal sagital e o perímetro da cintura como instrumentos potenciais para a predição de ...resistência à insulina. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a reprodutibilidade de diferentes aferições do diâmetro abdominal sagital e do perímetro da cintura e analisar o poder discriminante dos mesmos para predizer resistência à insulina. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 190 homens adultos. O diâmetro abdominal sagital (menor cintura, maior diâmetro abdominal, nível umbilical e ponto médio entre as cristas ilíacas) e o perímetro da cintura (nível umbilical, menor cintura, imediatamente acima da crista ilíaca e ponto médio entre a crista ilíaca e a última costela) foram aferidos em quatro locais diferentes. A resistência à insulina foi avaliada pelo índice HOMA-IR. RESULTADOS: Todas as medidas apresentaram correlação intraclasse de 0,986-0,999. Tanto o diâmetro abdominal sagital aferido na menor cintura (r=0,482 e AUC=0,739±0,049) como o perímetro da cintura aferido no ponto médio entre a última costela e a crista ilíaca (r=0,464 e AUC=0,746±0,05) apresentaram maiores correlações com o HOMA-IR, bem como um melhor poder discriminante para o HOMA-IR segundo a análise ROC (p<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: O diâmetro abdominal sagital e o perímetro da cintura mostraram-se altamente reprodutíveis. O diâmetro abdominal sagital (menor cintura) e o perímetro da cintura (ponto médio crista ilíaca e última costela) apresentaram melhor desempenho em predizer o HOMA-IR. Investigações em outros grupos da população brasileira devem ser realizadas para viabilizar a utilização desses indicadores de resistência à insulina na população como um todo de forma padronizada.FUNDAMENTO: La correlación entre aumento de la grasa visceral y de la resistencia a la insulina pone el diámetro abdominal sagital y el perímetro de la cintura como los instrumentos potenciales para la predicción de resistencia a la insulina. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la reproductibilidad de distintas mediciones del diámetro abdominal sagital y del perímetro de la cintura y analizar el poder discriminante de las mismas para predecir resistencia a la insulina. MÉTODOS: Se evaluaron a 190 varones adultos. El diámetro abdominal sagital (menor cintura, mayor diámetro abdominal, nivel umbilical y punto promedio entre las crestas ilíacas) y el perímetro de la cintura (nivel umbilical, menor cintura, inmediatamente superior a la cresta ilíaca y punto promedio entre la cresta ilíaca y la última costilla) se calcularon en cuatro locales diferentes. La resistencia a la insulina se evaluó por el índice HOMA-IR. RESULTADOS: Todas las mediciones presentaron correlación intraclase de 0,986-0,999. Tanto el diámetro abdominal sagital calculado en la menor cintura (r=0,482 y AUC=0,739±0,049) como el perímetro de la cintura calculado en el punto promedio entre la última costilla y la cresta ilíaca (r=0,464 e AUC=0,746±0,05) presentaron mayores correlaciones con el HOMA-IR, así como un mejor poder discriminante para el HOMA-IR según el análisis ROC (p<0,001). CONCLUSIONES: El diámetro abdominal sagital y el perímetro de la cintura se evidenciaron altamente reproductibles. El diámetro abdominal sagital (menor cintura) y el perímetro de la cintura (punto promedio la cresta ilíaca y última costilla) presentaron mejor desempeño en predecir el HOMA-IR. Investigaciones en otros grupos de la población brasileña se deben realizar para viabilizar la utilización de estos indicadores de resistencia a la insulina en la población como un todo de forma estandarizada.BACKGROUND: The correlation between the increase in visceral fat and insulin resistance makes the sagittal abdominal diameter and the waist perimeter as potential tools for the prediction of insulin resistance. OBJECTIVE: To assess the reproducibility of different measurements of the sagittal abdominal diameter and the waist perimeter and analyze the discriminating power of the measurements when predicting insulin resistance. METHODS: A total of 190 adult males were studied. The sagittal abdominal diameter (smallest girth, larger abdominal diameter, umbilical level and midpoint between the iliac crests) and the waist perimeter (umbilical level, smallest girth, immediately above the iliac crest and midpoint between the iliac crest and the last rib) were measured at four different sites. Insulin resistance was assessed by the homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index. RESULTS: All measurements presented an intraclass correlation of 0.986-0.999. The sagittal abdominal diameter measured at the smallest girth (r=0.482 and AUC=0.739±0.049) and the waist perimeter measured at the midpoint between the last rib and the iliac crest (r=0.464 and AUC=0.746±0.05) presented the highest correlations with the HOMA-IR and the best discriminating power for HOMA-IR according to the ROC analysis (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The sagittal abdominal diameter and waist perimeter showed to be highly reproducible and the sagittal abdominal diameter (smallest girth) and waist perimeter (midpoint between the iliac crest and the last rib) presented the best performance when predicting HOMA-IR. Further studies in other groups of the Brazilian population must be carried out to allow the use of these indicators of insulin resistance in the population as a whole, following standardized procedures.
There is an evident lack of experimental studies dealing with the anthropological determinants of success in judo, especially concerning young athletes. In this paper we have attempted to establish ...some of the anthropological factors potentially related to judo competition achievement in 15-16 year old athletes. A set of 14 anthropometric and 12 motor-endurance variables was tested on the best young judoists in Croatia (all males, N = 34). All the subjects had competed on the National Championship (NC), and the criterion was defined according to their final NC achievement. Factor analysis and discriminant canonical analysis (DISCRA) were calculated separately on the motor-endurance and anthropometric status variables. DISCRA showed the successful judoists as dominant in strength and endurance status. In contrast, there were no significant differences in the anthropometric dimensions regarding any differentiation between the more and less successful athletes. Possible explanations are discussed.
FUNDAMENTO: Para discriminar risco coronariano elevado, indicadores de obesidade central são melhores do que o Índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC), que é ainda o índice antropométrico (IA) mais utilizado ...para seguimento após intervenção coronariana percutânea (ICP). OBJETIVO: Reconhecer, entre os índices antropométricos (IA), os que melhor se correlacionam com ocorrência de desfechos após intervenção coronariana percutânea (ICP). MÉTODOS: Foram considerados 308 pacientes (p), idade média de 61,92±11,06 anos, 60,7% do sexo masculino, submetidos a ICP com stent. Após seis meses, pesquisaram-se os desfechos: óbito, reintervenção por ICP ou cirurgia cardíaca, exame não-invasivo alterado por isquemia ou sintomas anginosos. Os p foram divididos em: Grupo 1 (com desfechos, n=91; 29,5%) e Grupo 2 (sem desfechos, n=217; 70,45%). No sexo masculino e feminino, os IA estudados e seus respectivos pontos de corte foram: circunferência abdominal (CA) > 90/80 cm, relação cintura-quadril (RCQ) > 0,90/0,80cm, índice de conicidade (IC) >1,25/1,18 e índice de massa corpórea (IMC) >30 para ambos os sexos. RESULTADOS: Os grupos diferiram quanto à maior ocorrência de histórico familiar e infarto prévio no Grupo 2. No sexo masculino, CA > 90 cm (p=0,0498) foi, em análise multivariada, preditor independente de desfechos. IMC não foi preditor de eventos. No Grupo 1, a probabilidade de ocorrência de IMC alterada é significativamente menor do que a ocorrência dos outros IA estudados (p<0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: CA anormal comportou-se como preditor independente de ocorrência de desfechos no sexo masculino dessa população pós-ICP. IMC elevado não foi preditor de desfechos e foi o índice antropométrico menos prevalente em pacientes com eventos.BACKGROUND: Central anthropometric indexes are better than the body mass index to discriminate elevated coronary risk. However, the Body Mass Index (BMI) is still the most frequently studied anthropometric index on outcomes of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PCI). OBJECTIVE: To recognize, among several anthropometric indexes of obesity, which one best discriminates MACE (Major Adverse Cardiac Events) after PCI. METHODS: Subjects were 308 patients (mean age 61.92±11.06 years, 60.7% of them men) who had undergone successful coronary angioplasties. Six months after the procedure, patients were contacted for clinical follow-up. Major Adverse Cardiac Events included death, acute myocardial infarction, cardiac surgery, reintervention, angina, or evidence of myocardial ischemia on a non-invasive test. Patients were divided into 2 groups: Group 1 (with MACE, n=91, 29.5%), Group 2 (with no MACE, n= 217; 70.45%). For men and women, the anthropometric indexes studied and their respective cut-off points were waist circumference >90/80 cm, Waist-Hip Ratio > 0.90/0.80cm, Conicity Index > 1.25/1.18, and Body Mass Index > 30. RESULTS: There were more cases of familial history and previous infarct in Group 2. For men, waist circumference >90cm (p=0.0498) in multivariate analyses was an independent predictor of MACE. BMI was not related to MACE. In Group 1, the prevalence of an elevated BMI was significantly different compared to the other anthropometric indexes studied (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Waist circumference was an independent predictor of MACE in men. Body Mass Index was not related to MACE and was the least frequent anthropometric index in the MACE group.
This book presents: the theoretical rationale for use as an evaluation of nutritional status; techniques for data collection; statistical basis for classifying individuals or populations; standards; ...reference data for blacks and whites; and graphs that facilitate the interpretation of the data
Batik is one of the Indonesian culture that is growing very fast, proved with inaugurated batik into the world cultural heritage by UNESCO. Batik should be developed in various aspects in order to ...meet the needs of consumers, one of them in batik shirt size aspect. But unfortunately in terms of size, batik still has the disadvantages, there are differences in male size batik shirt between one batik shop and other batik shop. This makes the performance of selling batik is not optimal because consumers have difficulty in finding the appropriate size of batik shirt with anthropometry, eg in shop A consumer obtains batik shirt with size M but when it is at the store B, this consumers gain size L. This will make consumers confused while looking for the appropriate batik shirt size based on their anthropometry. The author tried to make a proposal in batik shirt size corresponding with male college student anthropometric data of Industrial Engineering Major of Sebelas Maret University (UNS) and Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta (UMS) with K-Means cluster method to obtain the appropriate size. First determined the desired number of clusters which is four cluster size: S, M, L and XL. Then the anthropometric data of students grouped by cluster K-Means method to get male size batik shirt according to anthropometric data of male college student of Industrial Engineering Major in Surakarta.
In this paper we proposed a method to create application of baby's nutrition status using Macromedia Flash. The anthropometry is used as input of application. The anthropometry like age, gender, ...weight, height and head circumference. The proposed method consists of stage of literature study as a preparation stage, stage of making application as a crucial stage in this research, data retrieval stage to get data as input in application, and stage of application testing as a stage in which application was tested using data from data retrieval stage. Output of the application was normal, below normal or above normal. It can be said normal if input is in around standard of nutrition status, it can be said below normal if input is below standard of nutrition status and it can be said above normal if input is above standard of nutrition status. The accuracy of program was 100% based on similarity between output of application and standard of nutrition status from ministry of health.
This paper shows the step by step kinematic and dynamic derivation for three degree of freedom exoskeleton for lower extremities. By using the Denavit Harternberg theorem, the forward and inverse ...kinematic solutions of the exoskeleton are performed. The Lagrange mathematical statement is utilized which talks about kinetic strength and potential strength amid maneuver. The Anthropometry of the proposed exoskeleton design is computed by using Dempster, Clauser and Chandler method. This outcome can be used in control design for the proposed prototype lower extremities exoskeleton.
The aim of this study was to describe anthropometric, clinical, socio-demographic characteristics and lifestyle habits of pregnant smokers in comparison to pregnant nonsmokers. During years ...1999-2003, 1,435 pregnant smokers and 4,772 pregnant nonsmokers were interviewed after delivery with a questionnaire. They were recorded clinical, anthropometric and socio-demographic data, smoking status, labor outcome, maternal and fetal hemoglobin concentrations for each patient. The two groups were comparable in anthropometric and clinical characteristics, duration of pregnancy and mode of delivery, except for birth weights, which were significantly lower in newborns of smokers. Maternal hemoglobin concentrations were significantly lower in smokers, but fetal hemoglobin concentrations were significantly higher in babies of smokers. The proportion of pregnant women who smoked during pregnancy was higher among urban women, among women with lower educational level and among unemployed subjects in comparison with nonsmokers. The pregnant women who smoked during pregnancy were more often caffeine and alcohol consumers. To further reduce smoking during pregnancy it is important to continue to promote smoking cessation among teenagers.
Ujumises alustatakse tavaliselt raskete treeningutega enne puberteediea saabumist ja kõrge rahvusvaheline tase saavutatakse suhteliselt noores eas. Võistlusujumises on peamine eesmärki läbida ...võistlusdistants võimalikult kiiresti, kulutades selleks võimalikult vähe energiat. Seega on oluline hinnata ujujate ökonoomsust, mis on seotud erinevate antropomeetriliste, füsioloogiliste ja biomehaanilste näitajatega. Nende näitajate mõju täiskasvanud ujujate ujumistulemusele on uuritud suhteliselt palju. Kuid pikaajalisi uuringud kehaliste parameetrite, füsioloogiliste näitajate ja ujumise tehnika vahel on noortel ujujatel tehtud vähe.
Võistlusspordis on oluline mõõta erinevaid sportlikke tulemusi mõjutavaid parameetreid võimalikult võistluslähedases situatsioonis. Seega on ujumise aegset hapnikutarbimist oluline mõõta just ujumise ajal (mitte näiteks veloergomeetril), arvestades seejuures erinavate tehnika- ja füsioloogiliste mõjutustega, mis annavad mõõdetavatele parameetritele suurema usaldusväärsuse. Antud, töö eesmärgiks oli uurida, millised parameetrid mõjutavad kõige enam noorujujate ujumistulemust kahe aastase uuringu perioodi jooksul. Tulemused näitasid, et kõige enam mõjutavad noorujujate ujumistulemust tehnika parameetrid, järgnesid antropomeetrilised ja füsioloogilised parameetrid. Seega oleks kõige olulisem noorte ujujate treenimisel pöörata esmast tähelepanu õige ujumistehnika õpetamisele ning kinnistamisele. Samuti tuleks pöörata tähelepanu noorujujate valikule, st. suuremat edu saavutavad need, kes on pikemad ja pikema kätesiruulatusega. Vähem mõjutavad ujumistulemust maksimaalne hapnikutarbimime või ujumise aegne energiakulu.
Swimmers usually start serious training before the onset of puberty and achieve international competitive level at a relatively early age. Competitive swimming is a cyclic sport activity performed with the aim of covering the given distance as fast as possible to maximize metabolic power of the athlete and the economy of locomotion. Hence it is important to assess the individual economy of swimming and to understand the factors that determine swimming performance. Several investigations have studied different parameters and swimming performance of successful swimmers, but to our knowledge no studies have been conducted to study longitudinally the effect of different anthropometrical, physiological and biomechanical parameters on swimming performance in complex in young swimmers.
In competitive sports it is important to assess different parameters in sport-specific conditions. Hence, it is important to measure maximal oxygen consumption during swimming (not, for example on cycle-ergometer), this enables the swimmer to perform swimming without restrictions and does not intervene with the swimming technique of the athlete. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of specific physiological, biomechanical and anthropometrical parameters on the development of swimming performance in young swimmers. The results of our study showed that biomechanical parameters characterized best the 400-m front-crawl swimming performance, followed by anthropometrical and physiological parameters. These results demonstrate that great emphasis should be on learning the correct swimming technique during the early years of training and the correct swimming technique learned during early years of swimming training is the basis for further development of sport-specific physiological measures during later years of swimming training. It is also important to pay attention to the selection process of young swimmers, but the influence of physiological parameters is not so noticeable.
Swimmers usually start serious training before the onset of puberty and achieve international competitive level at a relatively early age. Competitive swimming is a cyclic sport activity performed with the aim of covering the given distance as fast as possible to maximize metabolic power of the athlete and the economy of locomotion. Hence it is important to assess the individual economy of swimming and to understand the factors that determine swimming performance. Several investigations have studied different parameters and swimming performance of successful swimmers, but to our knowledge no studies have been conducted to study longitudinally the effect of different anthropometrical, physiological and biomechanical parameters on swimming performance in complex in young swimmers.
In competitive sports it is important to assess different parameters in sport-specific conditions. Hence, it is important to measure maximal oxygen consumption during swimming (not, for example on cycle-ergometer), this enables the swimmer to perform swimming without restrictions and does not intervene with the swimming technique of the athlete. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of specific physiological, biomechanical and anthropometrical parameters on the development of swimming performance in young swimmers. The results of our study showed that biomechanical parameters characterized best the 400-m front-crawl swimming performance, followed by anthropometrical and physiological parameters. These results demonstrate that great emphasis should be on learning the correct swimming technique during the early years of training and the correct swimming technique learned during early years of swimming training is the basis for further development of sport-specific physiological measures during later years of swimming training. It is also important to pay attention to the selection process of young swimmers, but the influence of physiological parameters is not so noticeable.
Ujumises alustatakse tavaliselt raskete treeningutega enne puberteediea saabumist ja kõrge rahvusvaheline tase saavutatakse suhteliselt noores eas. Võistlusujumises on peamine eesmärki läbida võistlusdistants võimalikult kiiresti, kulutades selleks võimalikult vähe energiat. Seega on oluline hinnata ujujate ökonoomsust, mis on seotud erinevate antropomeetriliste, füsioloogiliste ja biomehaanilste näitajatega. Nende näitajate mõju täiskasvanud ujujate ujumistulemusele on uuritud suhteliselt palju. Kuid pikaajalisi uuringud kehaliste parameetrite, füsioloogiliste näitajate ja ujumise tehnika vahel on noortel ujujatel tehtud vähe.
Võistlusspordis on oluline mõõta erinevaid sportlikke tulemusi mõjutavaid parameetreid võimalikult võistluslähedases situatsioonis. Seega on ujumise aegset hapnikutarbimist oluline mõõta just ujumise ajal (mitte näiteks veloergomeetril), arvestades seejuures erinavate tehnika- ja füsioloogiliste mõjutustega, mis annavad mõõdetavatele parameetritele suurema usaldusväärsuse. Antud, töö eesmärgiks oli uurida, millised parameetrid mõjutavad kõige enam noorujujate ujumistulemust kahe aastase uuringu perioodi jooksul. Tulemused näitasid, et kõige enam mõjutavad noorujujate ujumistulemust tehnika parameetrid, järgnesid antropomeetrilised ja füsioloogilised parameetrid. Seega oleks kõige olulisem noorte ujujate treenimisel pöörata esmast tähelepanu õige ujumistehnika õpetamisele ning kinnistamisele. Samuti tuleks pöörata tähelepanu noorujujate valikule, st. suuremat edu saavutavad need, kes on pikemad ja pikema kätesiruulatusega. Vähem mõjutavad ujumistulemust maksimaalne hapnikutarbimime või ujumise aegne energiakulu.
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