In this work we have the purpose: to estimate the efficiency of use of resources of radiation and moisture in the ampelocenoses with different structure of plantings and architecture of plants. The ...article studies some physiological effects of plant productivity in vineyards with different plantation structure and plant architecture. It has been established that the receipt of photosynthetic active radiation under the conditions of Southern Ukraine contents of 4,5-7,7 MJ/m2/day during vegetation. Depending of vineyard structure and plant architecture the absorption of photosynthetic active radiation is within the range from 33-59 GJ/ha/day; the use of water for transpire we concluded that the high values of absorbed photosynthetic active radiation's coefficient and coefficient of transpiration established in vineyards with surface of nutrition 3 x 1,25 m, especially on low horizontal cordon and Guyot bi-lateral. A method of evaluation of the arrival and the use of plants of photosynthetic active radiation allows us at relatively low labor expenses effort to identify the physiological criterions of grapes productivity and to reveal the efficiency of the productive process of ampelocenoses, including the use of the resources of radiation and water. The development of optimization criterions of radiation modes, depending on the factors of moisture will allow us at the stage of design decision, taking into account the varietal composition, the feeding area of plants, the formation of bushes and tendril, to create the ampelocenoses with maximum of efficiency of use of natural resources. Regulation of productivity of grapes plantations, on the basis of photometric characteristics of the crown of grapes plants will bring the yield capacity to potential opportunity of plants with the great efficiency.
В настоящей работе нами поставлена цель: оценить эффективность использования ресурсов радиации и влаги в ампелоценозах с разной структурой насаждений и архитектурой растений. В статье рассматриваются некоторые физиологические эффекты продукционного процесса растений в ампелоценозах с различной структурой насаждений и архитектурой растений. Показано, что в условиях юга Украины приход фотосинтетически активной радиации в течение вегетации составляет 4,5-7,7 МДж/м2/день. В зависимости от структуры насаждений и архитектуры растений поглощение фотосинтетически активной радиации варьирует от 33 до 59 ГДж/га/день, а дневной расход влаги на транспирацию - 1,42-2,38 мм. Наиболее высокие значения коэффициента эффективности использования солнечной радиации и влаги на биосинтетические процессы выявлены при площади питания кустов 3 х 1,25 м, особенно на среднештамбовых формировках с вертикальным ведением прироста (горизонтальный кордон и Гюйо двуплечий). Метод оценки прихода и использования растениями фотосинтетически активной радиации позволяет при сравнительно небольших затратах труда выявить физиологические критерии продуктивности винограда и установить эффективность продукционного процесса ампелоценозов, в том числе использования ресурсов радиации и влаги. Разработка критериев оптимизации условий радиационного режима в зависимости от факторов увлажнения позволит на этапе принятия проектных решений по сортовому составу, площади питания растений, формирования кустов и устройства шпалеры создавать ампелоценозы с максимальной эффективностью использования природных ресурсов. Регулирование продуктивности виноградных насаждений на основании фитометрических характеристик кроны растений винограда позволит приблизить урожайность к потенциальным возможностям растения с наибольшим экономическим эффектом.
This study is aimed at studying the herb life forms of closely related narrowly localized endemic species of the genus
Kudrjaschevia
in Central Asia. A detailed description of life forms will make it ...possible to identify the morphological rearrangements of plants associated with the adaptation of species to certain ecological conditions. Our results will expand our understanding of the main directions in the evolution of morphs, which has practically not been studied in plants of the Central Asian flora. In the process of somatic evolution, individuals of this group have adapted to various specific habitats: rocks (
K. nadinae
,
K. grubovii
, and
K. pojarkoviae
), mountain screes (
K. allotricha
), and rocky outcrops of mountain slopes (
K. korshinskyi
). Using an architectural approach to describing plants, we show that various ecotopic and ecological–coenotic conditions do not affect the nature of the development of life forms of related taxa. Parallelism in the development of life forms in the studied species is manifested in the passage of the same phases of morphogenesis (primary shoot, main axis, and primary bush (clone)) and in the preservation of a monocentic biomorph. In the ontogeny in individuals of closely related species, a similar reiteration of axes is formed. Each axis is characterized as annually dying branching/nonbranching with radial symmetry, having opposite phyllotaxis, the apical meristem of which is realized in inflorescence. The long-term basis of plants in all representatives of
Kudrjaschevia
is built as a result of the sympodial sequential articulation of the short basal parts of the axes (residues) according to the monochasial/dichasial types. Despite the difference in the aerial parts of the studied rock (
K. nadinae
,
K. grubovii
, and
K. pojarkoviae
) and mountain-slope species (
K. allotricha
and
K. korshinskyi
), the shoot formation and the common long-term basis of the individuals are the same. The diversity of the aerial parts of the axes reflects the adaptation of plants to specific ecological conditions, while maintaining a genetically fixed, general development program.
The spatial organisation of the splicing system in plant cells containing either reticular (Allium cepa) or chromocentric (Lupinus luteus) nuclei was studied by immunolabelling of SR proteins, snRNA, ...and the PANA antigen, known markers for interchromatin granule clusters in mammalian cells. Electron microscope results allowed us to determine the distribution of these molecules within the structural domains of the nucleus. Similar to animal cells, in both plant species SR proteins were localised in interchromatin granules, but contrary to animal cells contained very small amounts of snRNA. The area with the strongest snRNA and SR protein co-localisation was the perichromatin region, which may be the location of premRNA splicing in the plant cell nuclei. The only observable differences in the organisation of reticular and chromocentric nuclei were the size of the speckles and the number of snRNA pools in the condensed chromatin. We conclude that, despite remarkable changes in the nuclear architecture, the organisation of the splicing system is remarkably similar in both types of plant cell nuclei.
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