An unconstrained growth of abnormal cells in the lung causes tumors. The aim of the work is the accurate diagnoses of tumor at its early stage through hybrid segmentation algorithm. The objective of ...this paper is to propose a novel labeled cluster active contour method to improve the performance of automated lung tumor segmentation from 2D CT slices. To the input 2D slice, an 8-connected component analysis is implemented to differentiate the image spatial information and obtain the RGB labeled data. The tumor location is foreseen using an unsupervised k-means clustering algorithm. Then, an automated level set algorithm is carried out to appropriately localize and extract the tumor region. The amount of initial level set curve evolution is controlled by the clustering efficiency of k-Means and labeling efficacy of connected component analysis. The quantitative evaluation of segmentation is carried out based on Shape features like area, perimeter, eccentricity, convex area, solidity, and roundness. The statistical object-based and distance-based metrics were used to find the similarity between manual and proposed methods. Also, performance metrics like accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, precision, and recall are used to validate the segmentation results of the proposed method. The proposed system is evaluated over 42 datasets from the commonly available large dataset LIDC (Lung Image Database Consortium). The accuracy, specificity, sensitivity and precision of the proposed hybrid method are 97.5%, 97.43%, 91.67%, and 98.79%, which exhibited the best competence as compared to traditional methods on the same dataset. The statistical and quantitative analysis shows the efficiency of the present work.
Activity theory (AT) offers a unique perspective for understanding how people comprehend reality. Of particular importance here is an orientation, i.e. familiarization with the environment or, in a ...narrow sense, with a specific situation. Such an orienting activity precedes executive activity, and is to some extent similar in purpose to the concept of situation awareness (SA). However, the human orienting activity cannot be reduced to SA, because it includes both the conscious and unconscious components, and is responsible for developing a static as well as a dynamic model of reality. The present study explores an orienting activity from the perspective of functional analysis. The basic units of this analysis are not the human actions and operations as in the morphological analyses, but rather the functional blocks. The proposed model, which includes both the cognitive and motivational components, is not an homeostatic, but a goal-directed and self-regulating system.
This research focuses on secure automating the level crossing and tracking the train using a microcontroller and a train detection system. An important issue in Bangladesh's railway transportation is ...the level crossings bar controlling system. The bars are presently manually adjusted in Bangladeshi railways. As soon as the train arrives, the bar lineman will know. On the basis of that data, they will close and re-open the A lineman's irresponsibility is a big issue. An automated railway gate control system can prevent this by automatically closing or opening the bar as a train arrives or departs. In normal operation, the sensors close the bars when a train is spotted and open them after it departs. Trains, however, will be GPS-tracked. The passengers and railroad authorities could track it. Each train has its own code. With the code, passengers can communicate with the train tracking system. In order to avoid collisions, the authority and train driver might be alerted.
Glaucoma is a leading cause of permanent blindness. However, disease progression can be limited if detected early. The optic cup-to-disc ratio (CDR) is one of the main clinical indicators of ...glaucoma, and is currently determined manually, limiting its potential in mass screening. In this paper, we propose an automatic CDR determination method using a variational level-set approach to segment the optic disc and cup from retinal fundus images. The method is a core component of ARGALI, a system for automated glaucoma risk assessment. Threshold analysis is used in pre-processing to estimate the initial contour. Due to the presence of retinal vasculature traversing the disc and cup boundaries which can cause inaccuracies in the detected contours, an ellipse-fitting post-processing step is also introduced. The method was tested on 104 images from the Singapore Malay Eye Study, and it was found the results produced a clinically acceptable variation of up to 0.2 CDR units from the manually graded samples, with potential use in mass screening.
A system for the direct measurement of steam flow in steam lines after a steam generator, which utilizes a special design of pneumometric tubes and a computing unit that accounts for variation in ...steam pressure, has been developed to improve the quality of water-level regulation in the steam generators of VVER-1000 power-generating units in the stationary and transitional modes. The advantage of the pneumometric tubes consists in their structural simplicity, high erosion resistance, and absence of irrevocable losses during measurement of steam flow. A similar measurement system is used at foreign NPP. The measurement system in question has been placed in experimental service at the No. 3 unit of the Balakovo NPP, and has demonstrated its worthiness. This measurement system can also be used to determine steam flow in the steam lines of NPP units with VVER-1000 and VVER-440 reactors, and PBMK-1000 power-generating units.
