The development and validation of a balanced Authoritarianism-Rebellion Scale is described. It proved adequately reliable and showed little susceptibility to double agreement. In addition, it related ...predictably to the following: Left Opinionation, Right Opinionation, and Conservatism-Liberalism; conventional religious preference and frequency of religious attendance; and membership in each of five student political groups with generally clear positions on the ideological left-right dimension. Factor analysis of the Authoritarianism-Rebellion Scale yielded five factors, including rebelliousness and general right-wing authoritarianism. It was notable that scores on these two factors did not correlate highly. The explanation proposed was that consistent ideological organization along a left-right, rebellious-authoritarian dimension is a socially important exception rather than the rule.
Torque sensors such as the torsion balance enabled the first determination of the gravitational constant by Henri Cavendish
and the discovery of Coulomb's law. Torque sensors are also widely used in ...studying small-scale magnetism
, the Casimir effect
and other applications
. Great effort has been made to improve the torque detection sensitivity by nanofabrication and cryogenic cooling. Until now, the most sensitive torque sensor has achieved a remarkable sensitivity of 2.9 × 10
N m Hz
at millikelvin temperatures in a dilution refrigerator
. Here, we show a torque sensor reaching sensitivity of (4.2 ± 1.2) × 10
N m Hz
at room temperature. It is created by an optically levitated nanoparticle in vacuum. Our system does not require complex nanofabrication. Moreover, we drive a nanoparticle to rotate at a record high speed beyond 5 GHz (300 billion r.p.m.). Our calculations show that this system will be able to detect the long sought after vacuum friction
near a surface under realistic conditions. The optically levitated nanorotor will also have applications in studying nanoscale magnetism
and the quantum geometric phase
.
The first (v_{1}^{fluc}), second (v_{2}), and third (v_{3}) harmonic coefficients of the azimuthal particle distribution at midrapidity are extracted for charged hadrons and studied as a function of ...transverse momentum (p_{T}) and mean charged particle multiplicity density ⟨N_{ch}⟩ in U+U (sqrts_{NN}=193 GeV), Au+Au, Cu+Au, Cu+Cu, d+Au, and p+Au collisions at sqrts_{NN}=200 GeV with the STAR detector. For the same ⟨N_{ch}⟩, the v_{1}^{fluc} and v_{3} coefficients are observed to be independent of the collision system, while v_{2} exhibits such a scaling only when normalized by the initial-state eccentricity (ϵ_{2}). The data also show that ln(v_{2}/ϵ_{2}) scales linearly with ⟨N_{ch}⟩^{-1/3}. These measurements provide insight into initial-geometry fluctuations and the role of viscous hydrodynamic attenuation on v_{n} from small to large collision systems.
Levitated optomechanics has great potential in precision measurements, thermodynamics, macroscopic quantum mechanics, and quantum sensing. Here we synthesize and optically levitate silica ...nanodumbbells in high vacuum. With a linearly polarized laser, we observe the torsional vibration of an optically levitated nanodumbbell. This levitated nanodumbbell torsion balance is a novel analog of the Cavendish torsion balance, and provides rare opportunities to observe the Casimir torque and probe the quantum nature of gravity as proposed recently. With a circularly polarized laser, we drive a 170-nm-diameter nanodumbbell to rotate beyond 1 GHz, which is the fastest nanomechanical rotor realized to date. Smaller silica nanodumbbells can sustain higher rotation frequencies. Such ultrafast rotation may be used to study material properties and probe vacuum friction.
Data from a sample of 1441 community-dwelling respondents were analyzed to determine whether there are age related differences in their responses to instruments used to measure mental health. Few ...differences were noted. The data support the position that measurement of mental health is a formidable task; responses and scores are affected by multiple factors, not age alone; and these factors interrelate. Varying degrees of correlation were found between the instruments used, confirming that the instruments measure similar but not identical aspects of mental health. Measurements must take into account various dimensions to avoid the pitfalls of a simple test or approach.
Consumers’ perceptions of naturalness are important for the acceptance of foods and food technologies. Thus, several studies have examined the significance of naturalness among consumers. ...Nonetheless, the aspects that are considered essential in perceiving a food item as natural may vary across consumers and different stakeholder groups.
This systematic review identified 72 studies conducted in 32 countries involving 85,348 consumers. We aimed to answer the following questions: 1) How has the perceived importance of naturalness for consumers been defined and measured? 2) To what extent is perceived naturalness important to consumers? 3) Are there individual differences regarding the importance given to food naturalness that can be explained by consumers' characteristics? 4) Do consumers’ attitudes toward food naturalness influence their intentions and behavior?
The review clearly shows that for the majority of consumers, food naturalness is crucial. This finding could be observed across countries and in the different years when the studies were conducted. Therefore, neglecting the aspect of naturalness in the food industry may be very costly in the end. Our review also reveals differences across studies in how naturalness has been defined and measured. Based on a content analysis of the measurement scales, the items used to measure the importance of naturalness can be classified into three categories: 1) the way the food has been grown (food origin), 2) how the food has been produced (what technology and ingredients have been used), and 3) the properties of the final product.
•Food naturalness is very important for consumers.•Studies differ in how naturalness has been defined and measured.•Naturalness can be classified in terms of food origin, production, and final product.•Consumers' food intake is significantly influenced by food naturalness importance.
A mathematical scoring anomaly exists for the Syntactic Density Score (SDS) scale (see LLBA IX/2, 7502266) since results received by the writing sample depend more on the number of T-units analyzed ...than on any factor of syntactic density. The reason for the anomaly is that variables 1-4 (words per T-unit, subordinate clauses per T-unit, mean main clause word length, & mean subordinate clause word length) are "averaged" scores, expected to remain the same regardless of the number of T-units in a passage to be analyzed. A solution would be to divide the variables by a constant, removing the mathematical anomaly & restoring the scale's initial balance. Another problem with the SDS is that its grade level conversion is inaccurate, due mainly to the many T-units analyzed by its researchers. 3 Tables. A. Sbragia
The Counterfeit Coin Problem Smith, C. A. B.
Mathematical gazette,
02/1947, Letnik:
31, Številka:
293
Journal Article
There is a problem which is much in favour at present of which one version is this : a man has 12 pennies among which there may be a counterfeit coin, which can only be told apart by its weight being ...different from the others. How can one tell in not more than three weighings whether there is a counterfeit penny, if so which one it is, and whether it is heavier or lighter than a normal penny? (
Math. Gaz
., XXIX (1945), pp. 227–229; XXX (1946), pp. 231–234.) This puzzle seems to have originated in America. The purpose of the present note is to make clear what is the best possible solution in the most general case of any version of the problem. No originality is claimed for these solutions, as no doubt many of them have been obtained independently many times before : but I am not aware that any complete and systematic account has yet been published.
Abstract
The 15 yr pulsar timing data set collected by the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) shows positive evidence for the presence of a low-frequency ...gravitational-wave (GW) background. In this paper, we investigate potential cosmological interpretations of this signal, specifically cosmic inflation, scalar-induced GWs, first-order phase transitions, cosmic strings, and domain walls. We find that, with the exception of stable cosmic strings of field theory origin, all these models can reproduce the observed signal. When compared to the standard interpretation in terms of inspiraling supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs), many cosmological models seem to provide a better fit resulting in Bayes factors in the range from 10 to 100. However, these results strongly depend on modeling assumptions about the cosmic SMBHB population and, at this stage, should not be regarded as evidence for new physics. Furthermore, we identify excluded parameter regions where the predicted GW signal from cosmological sources significantly exceeds the NANOGrav signal. These parameter constraints are independent of the origin of the NANOGrav signal and illustrate how pulsar timing data provide a new way to constrain the parameter space of these models. Finally, we search for deterministic signals produced by models of ultralight dark matter (ULDM) and dark matter substructures in the Milky Way. We find no evidence for either of these signals and thus report updated constraints on these models. In the case of ULDM, these constraints outperform torsion balance and atomic clock constraints for ULDM coupled to electrons, muons, or gluons.
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