During grain filling in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Barke) reserves are remobilized from vegetative organs. Glumes represent the vegetative tissues closest to grains, senesce late, and are ...involved in the conversion of assimilates. To analyse glume development and metabolism related to grain filling, parallel transcript and metabolite profiling in glumes and endosperm were performed, showing that glume metabolism and development adjusts to changing grain demands, reflected by specific signatures of metabolite and transcript abundances. Before high endosperm sink strength is established by storage product accumulation, glumes form early, intermediary sink organs, shifting then to remobilizing and exporting source organs. Metabolic and transcriptional transitions occur at two phases: first, at the onset of endosperm filling, as a consequence of endosperm sink activity and assimilate depletion in endosperm and vascular tissues; second, at late grain filling, by developmental ageing and senescence. Regulation of and transition between phases are probably governed by specific NAC and WRKY transcription factors, and both abscisic and jasmonic acid, and are accompanied by changed expression of specific nitrogen transporters. Expression and metabolite profiling suggest glume-specific mechanisms of assimilate conversion and translocation. In summary, grain filling and endosperm sink strength coordinate phase changes in glumes via metabolic, hormonal, and transcriptional control. This study provides a comprehensive view of barley glume development and metabolism, and identifies candidate genes and associated pathways, potentially important for breeding improved grain traits.
Background: Depression in fathers in the postnatal period is associated with an increased risk of behavioural problems in their offspring, particularly for boys. The aim of this study was to examine ...for differential effects of depression in fathers on children’s subsequent psychological functioning via a natural experiment comparing prenatal and postnatal exposure.
Methods: In a longitudinal population cohort study (the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)) we examined the associations between depression in fathers measured in the prenatal and postnatal period (measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale), and later behavioural/emotional and psychiatric problems in their children, assessed at ages 3½ and 7 years.
Results: Children whose fathers were depressed in both the prenatal and postnatal periods had the highest risks of subsequent psychopathology, measured by total problems at age 3½ years (Odds Ratio 3.55; 95% confidence interval 2.07, 6.08) and psychiatric diagnosis at age 7 years (OR 2.54; 1.19, 5.41). Few differences emerged when prenatal and postnatal depression exposure were directly compared, but when compared to fathers who were not depressed, boys whose fathers had postnatal depression only had higher rates of conduct problems aged 3½ years (OR 2.14; 1.22, 3.72) whereas sons of the prenatal group did not (OR 1.41; .75, 2.65). These associations changed little when controlling for maternal depression and other potential confounding factors.
Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that the increased risk of later conduct problems, seen particularly in the sons of depressed fathers, maybe partly mediated through environmental means. In addition, children whose fathers are more chronically depressed appear to be at a higher risk of emotional and behavioural problems. Efforts to identify the precise mechanisms by which transmission of risk may occur should be encouraged to enable the development of focused interventions to mitigate risks for young children.
Ramularia collo-cygni, a pathogenic deuteromycete, is the causal agent of Ramularia leaf spot disease on barley. It produces a number of coloured metabolites of which one was identified as rubellin ...D, a phytotoxin only described for
Mycosphaerella rubella until now. Rubellin D induces light- and concentration-dependent necrosis on barley leaves. In a biochemical model system we could demonstrate that rubellin D exhibits photodynamic activity triggering the light-dependent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The use of inhibitors of ROS production confirmed mainly the production of singlet oxygen and to a lesser extent superoxide. In addition, light-dependent peroxidation of α-linolenic acid by rubellin D was shown. Based on our results we present a model for ROS-mediated symptom induction on barley leaves by
Ramularia collo-cygni.
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- "15071 P.Z." -- unten rechts- 1 Photochrom 16,3 x 22,3 cm- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction ...under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- "1395 PH.Z."-- unten rechts- 1 Photochrom in Album auf blauem Papier aufgezogen 22,3 x 16,6 cm- All metadata published by Europeana ...are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- "1396 PH.Z."-- unten rechts- 1 Photochrom in Album auf blauem Papier aufgezogen 22,5 x 16,8 cm- All metadata published by Europeana ...are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- "1394 PH.Z."-- unten rechts- 1 Photochrom in Album auf blauem Papier aufgezogen 22,4 x 16,7 cm- All metadata published by Europeana ...are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- "1393 PH.Z."-- unten rechts- 1 Photochrom in Album auf blauem Papier aufgezogen 16,4 x 22,8 cm- All metadata published by Europeana ...are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- "339 PH.Z." -- unten links- 1 Photochrom in Album auf blauem Papier aufgezogen 17,1 x 12,1 cm- All metadata published by Europeana ...are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
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