We analyse the
d
-dimensional BEG model with
d
≥
2
and parameters in the disordered region and at the antiquadrupolar-disordered line. We obtain a subset of these regions for which the odd ...correlation functions are zero and the even ones decay exponentially fast, at all non-zero temperatures, for a wide class of boundary conditions.
The paper discusses the probate and the procedure of liquidation of debts, and the usurpation of peasant settlements of deceased Bakir-beg Tuzlic. The process of liquidation of debts was conducted ...before the District Sharia Court in Tuzla. Bakir-beg Tuzlic was the last descendant of the captain and bey family Tuzlic, who as a landowner played a significant role in the economic and political life of Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Austro-Hungarian rule. This is a time with many temptations for the entire population of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and especially for Bosniaks, who did not accept the fact that they fell under the rule of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. For this reason, a number of other problems arose. Bosniak landowners were particularly dissatisfied with their status, although they were politically privileged to some extent by the Austro-Hungarian authorities. The biggest problem, however, was the constant attack on their estates by the peasants, who sought the opportunity to occupy peasants and bay’s lands, to which the bey's landowners opposed. Nevertheless, the process of buying and usurping the lands took place throughout the Austro-Hungarian administration, which greatly weakened the bey's class economically. The attempt to economically stabilize the beys required taking loans that were unfavorable from the aspect of high interest rates, which additionally brought this class into an unenviable economic and political position. Such was the case with Bakir-beg Tuzlic, one of the largest landowners in Bosnia and Herzegovina and a representative of Bosniaks in political life during that period. Such a situation was especially visible, after his death in 1910, and the conduct of the procedure of liquidation of debts and redemption of the cift (land) of the deceased Bakir-beg Tuzlic. The stated debts and the decline of the property of Bakir-beg Tuzlic are a confirmation of the economic weakening and unsustainability of the landowner, bey class in the Austro-Hungarian period. After the death of Bakir-beg Tuzlic, his property and lands were decimated, which brought his heirs to an unenviable economic position and status.
Among contemporary philosophers, there is widespread (but not universal) consensus that begging the question is a grave argumentative flaw. However, there is presently no satisfactory analysis of ...what this flaw consists of. Here, I defend a notion of question-begging in terms of analyticity. In particular, I argue that an argument begs the question just in case its conclusion is an analytic part of the conjunction of its premises.
Öz: Selçuklular Dandanakan Savaşı’ndan sonra batıya doğru ilerleyişlerini hızlandırarak on yıldan az bir sürede Anadolu kapılarına ve Bilâd-ı Şâm’a kadar ulaşmışlardır. Söz konusu fetih hareketleri ...esnasında hâkim oldukları şehirlerin yönetimini belirli yükümlülükleri yerine getirmeleri şartıyla eski yöneticilere bırakmışlardır. Bu şekilde hâkimiyet alanları içinde otoritelerini güçlendirmiş hem de mevcut yöneticilerin tecrübe ve kabiliyetlerinden istifade etmişlerdir. Basra Körfezi kıyısında İran ve Irak toprakları içinde bulunan Hûzistân, Vâsıt, Basra, Şîrâz ve Errâcân gibi şehirlerin idaresi de Hezâresb b. Bengîr adında mahalli bir idarecinin hâkimiyeti altında bulunuyordu. Tuğrul Bey, 447 (1055) yılında Bağdat’a geldikten sonra mezkûr şehirlerin idaresini eskiden olduğu gibi Hezâresb’e bırakmıştır. Selçukluların hâkim oldukları coğrafyadaki siyasî ve idarî yapılarını ve hâkimiyetlerini kolaylaştıran amilleri anlayabilmek için, Selçuklu ordusunda komutanlık yapan mahalli idarecilerin rolünü tespit etmek elzemdir. Bu çalışmada Selçukluların İran ve Irak coğrafyalarında gerçekleştirdikleri fetihlerde bulunan, fetihler esnasında gösterdiği kahramanlık ve sadakatten dolayı Tuğrul Bey ve Alp Arslan dönemlerinde taltif edilen Hezâresb b. Bengîr adlı Selçuklu komutanının faaliyetleri ve Selçuklular ile münasebetleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Selçuklu fetihlerinde yer alan mahalli emîrlerin faaliyetlerini tespit etmenin Selçuklu hâkimiyetinin fethedilen şehirlerdeki devamlılığı hakkında ipuçları verebileceği kanaatindeyiz. Abstract: After the Battle of Dandanakan, the Seljuks accelerated their progress towards the West and reached the Anatolia gates and Bilad al-Sham region in less than a decade. During the conquering movements in question, they left the cities to the former rulers on condition that they fulfilled certain obligations. In this way, they strengthened their authority within the areas of dominance and benefited from the experience and capabilities of the current managers. The administration of cities such as Vasıt, Basra, Shiraz, Arracan and Khuzistan, located in Iran and Iraq on the Persian Gulf Coast, was under the domination of a local administrator Hazarasb b. Bangir. After arriving in Baghdad in 447 (1055), Tuğrul Bey left the administration of the cities to Hazarasb as it used to be. To understand the political and administrative structures of the Seljuks in the conquered geography and the factors that facilitate their domination, it is essential to determine the role of local administrators who were commanding the Seljuk Army. In this study, the activities of the Seljuk commander called Hazarasb b. Bangir conquering the regions of Iran and Iraq, and awarded because of bravery and loyalty during the reign of Tughril Beg and Alp Arslan were emphasized. We believe that determining the activities of the local governments in the Seljuk conquests could give clues about the continuity of the Seljuk domination in the conquered cities.
•The phase transition properties of the BEG model for spin-3/2 on the BL is considered.•Both effects of random crystal field and biquadratic exchange interactions are examined.•D (K) is either turned ...on with probability 1-p(q) or turned off with probability p(1-q).•Phase diagrams are obtained on the (K/J, kT/J) and (D/J, kT/J) planes on honeycomb lattice.•The model presents second and first order phase transitions, and also the tricritical points.
The phase transition properties of Blume–Emery–Griffiths (BEG) model for the spin-3/2 system are investigated on the Bethe lattice (BL) when the system is under the effect of both random crystal field (D) and biquadratic exchange interaction (K). These randomization effects are either turned on with probability 1−p (q) or turned off with probability p (1−q) for D and K, respectively. The phase diagrams are obtained on the (K/J, kT/J) and (D/J, kT/J) planes for given values of p and q when z=3.0 corresponding to honeycomb lattice. Both attractive (K > 0) and repulsive (K < 0) biquadratic exchange interaction values are considered to examine its effects on the BL. It is found that the model presents either second- or first-order phase transitions and also tricritical points. It is also found that the second-order phase lines follow the phase lines of regular spin-3/2 BEG model as K → ± ∞ for the phase diagrams on the (K/J, kT/J) planes.
A new genus and species, Battenispermum hirsutum, is described from the Early Cretaceous mesofossil flora of Catefica, Portugal. The new taxon is based on five ovulate structures with up to three ...seeds surrounded by an outer cup formed from partly fused bracts. The seeds are small, about 2.4–3.3 mm long and 1.0–1.6 mm wide, orthotropous with a chlamydospermous organisation. The nucellus is surrounded by a thin integument, a sclerenchymatic inner seed envelope and an additional outer envelope of four bracts, fused for most of their length. The seeds are three- or four-angled in transverse section and elliptical in lateral view with the free tips of the outer envelope forming short, apical projections around the micropyle. The outer surface of the inner seed envelope is almost smooth, while the abaxial surfaces of both inner and outer bracts of the compound ovulate structures are covered by a dense indumentum of long and stiff trichomes. Battenispermum hirsutum clearly belongs to the chlamydospermous BEG complex (Bennettitales-Erdtmanithecales-Gnetales), but it is distinguished from all previously described fossils by the presence of two distinct seed envelopes, a feature otherwise known only for extant Gnetum. The seeds of Battenispermum hirsutum differ, from those of extant Gnetum in other features, including the much simpler micropylar region.
•A new chlamydospermous seed is described from the Portuguese Cretaceous.•The new taxon Battenispermum hirsutum is distinctive in having two seed envelopes.•The new finding adds new information on the morphological variation in BEG seeds.•Supports the importance of the BEG group in the Early Cretaceous floras.
A new genus and species, Battenispermum hirsutum, is described from the Early Cretaceous mesofossil flora of Catefica, Portugal. The new taxon is based on five ovulate structures with up to three ...seeds surrounded by an outer cup formed from partly fused bracts. The seeds are small, about 2.4–3.3 mm long and 1.0–1.6 mm wide, orthotropous with a chlamydospermous organisation. The nucellus is surrounded by a thin integument, a sclerenchymatic inner seed envelope and an additional outer envelope of four bracts, fused for most of their length. The seeds are three- or four-angled in transverse section and elliptical in lateral view with the free tips of the outer envelope forming short, apical projections around the micropyle. The outer surface of the inner seed envelope is almost smooth, while the abaxial surfaces of both inner and outer bracts of the compound ovulate structures are covered by a dense indumentum of long and stiff trichomes. Battenispermum hirsutum clearly belongs to the chlamydospermous BEG complex (Bennettitales-Erdtmanithecales-Gnetales), but it is distinguished from all previously described fossils by the presence of two distinct seed envelopes, a feature otherwise known only for extant Gnetum. The seeds of Battenispermum hirsutum differ, from those of extant Gnetum in other features, including the much simpler micropylar region.
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