Culex coronator Dyar and Knab is a highly invasive Neotropical species, first described at the beginning of the 20th century in Trinidad and Tobago (Dyar and Knab 1906). This is an important invasive ...species in Florida, which needs to be carefully surveilled by mosquito control experts. This article is structured similar to those from Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU) so that readers would obtain the similar level of details offered through WRBU species pages, which is widely used by anyone interested in mosquito biology, research, and education.
A study was conducted to observe on the bionomics, prevalence and survivability of geohelminths in six communities of Rivers State, Nigeria, between February and May 2018. 1,000 soil samples were ...taken at different locations in the study areas of Rumuewhor, Ubimini, Ulakwo 1, Ulakwo 11, Elibrada and Okomoko. The parasitological technique used in examination of the soil samples, was centrifugal floatation method. Soil physic-chemical parameters of the soil were also determined to ascertain parasite survivability. Results revealed that geohelminths are prevalent in the study sites and higher contamination of 22 (10.6%) was observed in Rumuewhor community, followed by Ubimini 18 (8.7%), and Ulakwo 11 recorded the least contamination of 11 (3.0%). Among the parasite recovered, Ascaris lumbricoides was most frequently observed followed by Hookworm while Enterobius vermicularis and Strongyloides stercoralis were less observed. However, statistical analysis shows prevalence of parasites was statistically significant (p < 0.005). It was found that loamy soil had the highest proportion of parasites followed by clayey soil, while sandy soil recorded the least parasite prevalence. The soil physic-chemical parameters such as adequate soil moisture, moderate acidicity of the soil, acceptable content percentage organic matters, and optimum temperature of the soil indicates suitability of the soil to parasite survivability and embryonation with the contaminated foci. To control geohelminths prevalence to the bearest minimum, there is need for intense public enlightment to stop indiscriminate or open defecation system as this has contributed to soil contamination.
Abstract
The current study represented the effect of natural plant extracts of (Camel grass,
Alhaji maurorum
Lemon; Lantana,
Lantana salvifolia
; Lemon,
Citrus limon
, and Cupressus,
Cupressus
sp.,) ...formulated in three different concentrations) 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 %) and sprayed on the larvae of fig leaf moth,
Ocnerogyia amanda
Staud, under the laboratory condition. The lethal effect of selected plant extracts, and their concentration on the larval reduction and its bionomics were detected in two different inspection times after application with their interaction.
RESUMEN Antecedentes Aunque la mayor parte de Panamá está libre de malaria, aun persisten focos de transmisión localizados, dentro de ellos la región de Guna Yala. La vigilancia entomológica liderada ...por el gobierno utilizando la Herramienta de Planificación de Vigilancia Entomológica (HPVE), tuvo como objetivo responder a preguntas programáticas relevantes para lograr una mejor comprensión de los factores entomológicos de transmisión locales y las brechas en la protección que, repercuten en la transmisión persistente de la malaria para guiar la toma de decisiones de control de vectores. Métodos En las localidades de Permé y Puerto Obaldía dentro de la región de Guna Yala, Panamá, se recolectaron Anopheles adultos en tres intervalos de tiempo fijos utilizando Capturas de Cebo Humano (CCH), Capturas con Trampas de Luz CDC (TL-CDC) y Capturas con Aplicación de Piretroides (CAP) durante las temporadas lluviosas y secas. Los mosquitos fueron identificados a nivel de especie mediante métodos moleculares. Se realizaron pruebas de susceptibilidad al fenitrotión en la especie principal del vector. Resultados En total, se recolectaron 7.537 adultos de Anopheles en ambos sitios. De los 493 especímenes con confirmación a nivel de especie, dos tercios (n = 340) fueron identificados como Nyssorhynchus albimanus, seguido de Anopheles aquasalis. En general, las tasas de picadura humanas (TPH)) de Anopheles fueron más altas en exteriores que en interiores, y fueron más altas en Permé que en Puerto Obaldía: la TPH nocturna en el exterior osciló entre 2,71 picaduras por persona por noche (ppn) (Puerto Obaldía) y 221,00 ppn (Permé), mientras que la TPN nocturna en el interior osciló entre 0,70 ppn (Puerto Obaldía) y 81,90 ppn (Permé). Generalmente, el punto más alto de picaduras se produjó durante las primeras horas de la noche. El rendimiento de las trampas de luz CDC fue significativamente más bajo, que el de las CCH. Por lo anterior, la TL CDC fue removida como método de captura después de la primera ronda de colectas. Las CAP dieron como resultado solo tres Anopheles en reposo en interiores recolectados. La resistencia de Ny. albimanus al fenitrotión fue confirmada, con solo 65,5% de mortalidad en el tiempo diagnóstico. Conclusión El comportamiento exofágico y vespertino del vector Anopheles, la ausencia de comportamiento de reposo en interiores y la presencia de resistencia al insecticida de intervención primaria, demuestran las limitaciones de la estrategia actual contra la malaria, incluyendo el Rociado Residual Intradomiciliario (RRI) y los Mosquiteros Impregnados con Insecticida de Larga Duración (MTILD) y marcan tanto las brechas en la protección como los factores que promueven la transmisión persistente de la malaria en Guna Yala. Estos hallazgos destacan la necesidad de una vigilancia entomológica continua y dirigida, basada en preguntas programáticas, que genere evidencia entomológica para informar una estrategia adaptativa de eliminación de la malaria.
India has committed to eliminate malaria by 2030. The national framework for malaria elimination released by the Government of India plans to achieve this goal through strategic planning in a phased ...manner. Since vector control is a major component of disease management and vector elimination, it requires a thorough understanding of the biology and bionomics of malaria vectors exhibiting definite distribution patterns in diverse ecosystems in the country. Although a wealth of information is available on these aspects, lesser-known data are on biting time and rhythm, and the magnitude of outdoor transmission by the vectors which are crucial for effective implementation of the key vector control interventions. Most of the data available for the vector species are at sensu lato level, while the major vectors are species complexes and their members distinctly differ in biological characters. Furthermore, the persistent use of insecticides in indoor residual spray and long-lasting insecticidal nets has resulted in widespread resistance in vectors and changes in their behaviour. In this document, challenges in vector control in the Indian context have been identified and possible solutions to overcome the problem are suggested. Adequate addressing of the issues raised would greatly help make a deep dent in malaria transmission and consequently result in disease elimination within the targeted time frame.
Irrigation not only helps to improve food security but also creates numerous water bodies for mosquito production. This study assessed the effect of irrigation on malaria vector bionomics and ...transmission in a semi-arid site with ongoing malaria vector control program. The effectiveness of CDC light traps in the surveillance of malaria vectors was also evaluated relative to the human landing catches (HLCs) method. Adult mosquitoes were sampled in two study sites representing irrigated and non-irrigated agroecosystems in western Kenya using a variety of trapping methods. The mosquito samples were identified to species and assayed for host blood meal source and
Plasmodium
spp. sporozoite infection using polymerase chain reaction.
Anopheles arabiensis
was the dominant malaria vector in the two study sites and occurred in significantly higher densities in irrigated study site compared to the non-irrigated study site. The difference in indoor resting density of
An
.
arabiensis
during the dry and wet seasons was not significant. Other species, including
An
.
funestus
,
An
.
coustani
, and
An
.
pharoensis
, were collected. The
An
.
funestus
indoor resting density was 0.23 in irrigated study site while almost none of this species was collected in the non-irrigated study site. The human blood index (HBI) for
An
.
arabiensis
in the irrigated study site was 3.44% and significantly higher than 0.00% for the non-irrigated study site. In the irrigated study site, the HBI of
An
.
arabiensi
s was 3.90% and 5.20% indoor and outdoor, respectively. The HBI of
An
.
funestus
was 49.43% and significantly higher compared to 3.44% for
An
.
arabiensis
in the irrigated study site. The annual entomologic inoculation rate for
An
.
arabiensis
in the irrigated study site was 0.41 and 0.30 infective bites/person/year indoor and outdoor, respectively, whereas no transmission was observed in the non-irrigated study site. The CDC light trap performed consistently with HLC in terms of vector density. These findings demonstrate that irrigated agriculture may increase the risk of malaria transmission in irrigated areas compared to the non-irrigated areas and highlight the need to complement the existing malaria vector interventions with novel tools targeting the larvae and both indoor and outdoor biting vector populations.
Graphical abstract
Hymenoepimecis
is a genus of Darwin wasps in the
Polysphincta
group of genera (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) known as ectoparasitoids of a broad spectrum of spiders. The parasitoid induces ...production of a web known as cocoon web, which provides shelter and support for the wasp pupa. In this study, we describe for the first time the interaction between
Hymenoepimecis castilloi
Pádua & Sääksjärvi (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and its host spider
Leucauge mariana
(Taczanowski) (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) in the Colombian Andes, provide new records of wasp genus distribution, and described the behavioral modifications induced in the spider. Web modifications occurred in the webs of both solitary and aggregated individuals. Adhesive spirals were lacking, and webs were connected to vegetation by multiple threads in all cocoon webs, which was not seen attached to webs of non-parasitized spiders. All parasitoid cocoons were observed hanging on a vertical line in the hub of the cocoon web. As previously described for other species, we believe that this modified web design results in increased web strength and favors parasitoid development during the pupal stage.
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