Isolated from a wide range of sources, the genus Paenibacillus comprises bacterial species relevant to humans, animals, plants, and the environment. Many Paenibacillus species can promote crop growth ...directly via biological nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, production of the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and release of siderophores that enable iron acquisition. They can also offer protection against insect herbivores and phytopathogens, including bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and viruses. This is accomplished by the production of a variety of antimicrobials and insecticides, and by triggering a hypersensitive defensive response of the plant, known as induced systemic resistance (ISR). Paenibacillus-derived antimicrobials also have applications in medicine, including polymyxins and fusaricidins, which are nonribosomal lipopeptides first isolated from strains of Paenibacillus polymyxa. Other useful molecules include exo-polysaccharides (EPS) and enzymes such as amylases, cellulases, hemicellulases, lipases, pectinases, oxygenases, dehydrogenases, lignin-modifying enzymes, and mutanases, which may have applications for detergents, food and feed, textiles, paper, biofuel, and healthcare. On the negative side, Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of American Foulbrood, a lethal disease of honeybees, while a variety of species are opportunistic infectors of humans, and others cause spoilage of pasteurized dairy products. This broad review summarizes the major positive and negative impacts of Paenibacillus: its realised and prospective contributions to agriculture, medicine, process manufacturing, and bioremediation, as well as its impacts due to pathogenicity and food spoilage. This review also includes detailed information in Additional files 1, 2, 3 for major known Paenibacillus species with their locations of isolation, genome sequencing projects, patents, and industrially significant compounds and enzymes. Paenibacillus will, over time, play increasingly important roles in sustainable agriculture and industrial biotechnology.
It is of great significance to develop and utilize plant-derived compounds for the sustainable control of grasshopper. This study assessed the adverse effects of rutin and quercetin on grasshopper, ...as well as the insect’s physiological response to these two plant-derived compounds. Rutin and quercetin all exhibited toxic effects on grasshopper, with quercetin showing a stronger toxicity, which indicated that they—especially quercetin—have the potential to be developed as biopesticides to control the grasshopper. Insect-resistant substances from plants are important natural resources that human beings can potentially develop and use to control pests. In this study, we explored the adverse effects of rutin and quercetin on grasshopper (Calliptamus abbreviatus), as well as the insect’s physiological response to these substances in laboratory and field experiments. These two plant compounds exhibited toxic effects on C. abbreviatus, with quercetin showing a stronger toxicity, indicated by a lower survival, slower development, and higher induced gene expression and activities of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, cytochrome P450s, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase, compared to rutin. These compounds, especially quercetin, have the potential to be developed as biopesticides to control grasshoppers.
Previous research has indicated that Pseudomonas aurantiaca ST-TJ4 possesses a notable antagonistic impact on Phytophthora cinnamomi and holds promising potential for biocontrol. In this study, a ...combination of a single-factor experiment, a Plackett–Burman design and a response surface approach was employed to investigate the optimal formula of ST-TJ4 fermentation medium. Furthermore, the stability of ST-TJ4 fermentation filtrate and its biocontrol effect on Ph. cinnamomi in vivo were also evaluated. The results revealed that the optimal culture conditions for ST-TJ4 involved the use of 20.59 g/L of glucose and 18.76 g/L of yeast extract powder. Following optimization, the fermentation filtrate of ST-TJ4 exhibited an inhibition rate of 76.5%, representing a 15% increase compared to previous levels. Additionally, phzA, phzB, phzD, phzE, phzF and phzO genes involved in the synthesis of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) and 2-hydroxyphenazine (2-OH-PHZ) were also upregulated. The ST-TJ4 fermentation filtrate demonstrated strong alkali resistance, weak acid resistance and favorable temperature and UV light stability. Furthermore, in vitro inoculation experiments confirmed that optimizing the fermentation medium reduced Ps. cinnamomi’s ability to infect the leaves of Rhododendron pulchrum.
Pests are one of the problems in agriculture. The use of organic pesticides still needs to be developed in Gentungan Village. Training in making biopesticides is useful for controlling pests and ...diseases using environmentally friendly natural ingredients. In addition, to foster the ability of Taruna Tani Lestari in Gentungan Village to make biopesticides independently and disseminate them to local farmers. The implementation method involved presentations, questions and answers, practices, modules, and evaluation designs. The material presented included the meaning and benefits of biopesticides, the natural ingredients used, the correct dosage, and the stages of making biopesticides. After the training, the output obtained included members of Taruna Tani Lestari knowing the natural ingredients for making biopesticides, members of Taruna Tani Lestari understanding the benefits of using biopesticides, members of Taruna Tani Lestari being able to make biopesticides independently and educate local farmers and display biopesticide products.
Losses in crop yields due to disease need to be reduced in order to meet increasing global food demands associated with growth in the human population. There is a well-recognized need to develop new ...environmentally friendly control strategies to combat bacterial crop disease. Current control measures involving the use of traditional chemicals or antibiotics are losing their efficacy due to the natural development of bacterial resistance to these agents. In addition, there is an increasing awareness that their use is environmentally unfriendly. Bacteriophages, the viruses of bacteria, have received increased research interest in recent years as a realistic environmentally friendly means of controlling bacterial diseases. Their use presents a viable control measure for a number of destructive bacterial crop diseases, with some phage-based products already becoming available on the market. Phage biocontrol possesses advantages over chemical controls in that tailor-made phage cocktails can be adapted to target specific disease-causing bacteria. Unlike chemical control measures, phage mixtures can be easily adapted for bacterial resistance which may develop over time. In this review, we will examine the progress and challenges for phage-based disease biocontrol in food crops.
Pesticides are widely used chemical compounds in agriculture to destroy insects, pests and weeds. In modern era, they form an indispensable part of agricultural and health practices. Globally, nearly ...3 billion kg of pesticides are used every year with a budget of ~40 billion USD. This extensive usage has increased the crop yield as well as led to significant reduction in harvest losses and thereby, enhanced food availability. On the other hand, indiscriminate usage of these chemicals has led to several environmental implications and caused adverse effects on human health. Epidemiological evidences have revealed the harmful effects of pesticides exposure on various organs including liver, brain, lungs and colon. Recent investigations have shown that pesticides can also lead to fatal consequences such as cancer among individuals. These chemicals enter ecosystem, thus hampering the sensitive environmental equilibrium through bio-accumulation. Due to their non-biodegradable nature, they can persist in nature for years and are regarded as potent biohazard. Worldwide, very few surveillance methods have been considered, which can bring awareness among the individuals, therefore the present review is an attempt to delineate consequences induced by various types of pesticide exposure on the environment. Further, the prospective of biopesticides use could facilitate the increase of crop production without compromising human health.
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•Pesticides are abundantly used in agriculture and health sectors.•These chemicals can be classified into natural and synthetic.•Pesticides target essential metabolic pathways of physiological system.•They are non-biodegradable and toxic chemicals.•Bio-pesticides and integrated pest management practices are need of an hour.
The increasing demand of the agricultural produce can be attained by optimizing the productivity potential and by minimizing the losses caused by notorious plant-parasitic nematode of the crops. ...Chemical based nematode control is an effective strategy to combat this biotic stress, but inappropriate and inadequate application of synthetic pesticides has exerted an adverse effect on bio-flora, fauna and natural enemies. Due to the environmental and regulatory pressure, use of potential biocontrol agents is the most welcomed way for nematode management by the farming community. There is an emerging market for Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) mediated eco-friendly biopesticides for plant-parasitic nematode biocontrol. Moreover, PGPR strains can enhance the plant growth through the production of various plant growth promoting substances. Based on the fact stated above, the present review focused on PGPR based nematodes biocontrol strategies, the direct and indirect mechanism of PGPR for nematode biocontrol and future prospect of PGPR based biocontrol agents against nematodes are discussed.
The excessive use of chemical pesticides has led to pest resistance and the accumulation of residues. Pest resistance occurs when pests become immune to pesticides and require higher doses or ...stronger pesticides for control. This study aims to identify the optimal solvent for dissolving secondary metabolite compounds that selectively and safely kill or inhibit the growth of plant pests. The biopesticide used is derived from melinjo bark extract through the process of soxhlet extraction using methanol and N-hexane solvents. The study employed a two-factor factorial design with three variables. The findings revealed that methanol solvent was more effective in dissolving phenolic compounds, resulting in a phenol content of 34.23 mg/equivalent Gallic Acid. The optimal solvent ratio was achieved at a ratio of 600 ml. The highest yield, reaching 56.27%, was obtained when using methanol as the solvent. Moreover, the pest mortality rate was found to be 100% at the specified concentration.
Oat (Avena sativa) is susceptible to Fusarium head blight (FHB). The quality of oat grain is threatened by the accumulation of mycotoxins, particularly the trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON), which ...also acts as a virulence factor for the main pathogen Fusarium graminearum. The plant can defend itself, e.g., by DON detoxification by UGT-glycosyltransferases (UTGs) and accumulation of PR-proteins, even though these mechanisms do not deliver effective levels of resistance. We studied the ability of the fungal biocontrol agent (BCA) Clonostachys rosea to reduce FHB and mycotoxin accumulation. Greenhouse trials showed that C. rosea-inoculation of oat spikelets at anthesis 3 days prior to F. graminearum inoculation reduced both the amount of Fusarium DNA (79%) and DON level (80%) in mature oat kernels substantially. DON applied to C. rosea-treated spikelets resulted in higher conversion of DON to DON-3-Glc than in mock treated plants. Moreover, there was a significant enhancement of expression of two oat UGT-glycosyltransferase genes in C. rosea-treated oat. In addition, C. rosea treatment activated expression of genes encoding four PR-proteins and a WRKY23-like transcription factor, suggesting that C. rosea may induce resistance in oat. Thus, C. rosea IK726 has strong potential to be used as a BCA against FHB in oat as it inhibits F. graminearum infection effectively, whilst detoxifying DON mycotoxin rapidly.
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