The information taken from David A. Scott’s book “Copper and Bronze in Art” was crucial for this research on copper corrosion products in Stuttgart. The examples discussed are: (1) the nature and ...variability of ‘Black Spots’ (or ‘Brown Fuzzies’), mainly copper sulfides, resulting from the action of sulfurous gases on copper containing materials at different relative humidities; (2) cupric hydroxide occurring during maritime corrosion or by cleaning, patination, and pigment synthesis (Bremen blue) when alkaline solutions are used; (3) the wondrous phenomenon of curly malachite, which does not imply any human involvement; (4) chalconatronite formed by the contact of metal to alkaline surface films on soda glass, providing sodium and carbonate ions; (5) the formation of copper formates in contact with glass by the action of electrolytes from the glass hydrolysis and the pollutant formaldehyde reacting to the formate; (6) syntheses and crystal structure determination by powder X-ray diffraction (no single crystals needed) of various basic copper acetates (‘verdigris’) with the aim to better differentiate between historic production methods.
The article examines the intersections of the most accidental streets of Vilnius, which are classified as black spots, and provides suggestions on how to rearrange them. The statistics of traffic ...accidents are analyzed to identify the most accident-prone streets. Dangerous intersections are identified by the black spot methodology. The technical parameters of the most accident-prone streets, the behavior of pedestrians and cyclists at intersections are analyzed. After analyzing the factors that determine the accident, solutions are proposed to help reduce the number of accidents involving pedestrians and cyclists.
Unidentified black spots (or stains) appeared on the plaster walls of the Takamatsuzuka and Kitora Tumuli in the village of Asuka, Nara Prefecture, Japan. Public attention was drawn to the ...biodeterioration of the colorful 1,300-year-old murals. A total of 46 isolates of Acremonium sect. Gliomastix were obtained from various samples (mainly black spots) of the Takamatsuzuka Tumulus (TT) (sampling period, May 2004–December 2006) and the Kitora Tumulus (KT) (June 2004–May 2007). These isolates were assignable to four known taxa and a new species in the ‘series Murorum’ sensu W. Gams as inferred from the integrated analysis of phenotypic and genotypic (i.e., ITS and 28S rDNA-D1/D2 sequences) characters: these were Acremonium masseei, A. murorum, A. felinum comb. nov. with the neotype designation, A. polychromum, and A. tumulicola sp. nov., which have been accommodated in the validated series Murorum in the section Gliomastix. The black spots on the murals of the TT and KT were caused mainly by A. masseei and A. murorum, respectively.
In India every year about 1, 35,000 people killed and about 5,28,000 people injured due to Road traffic accidents. The most of the road accident deaths occurred within few minutes of the accident at ...road or during transfer to hospital. The purpose of this study is to show the use of Geographical Information System (GIS) in identification of black spot locations. This case study is done on the stretch of Gurgaon Jaipur National Highway (NH-8). The Methodology adopted to analyses the accident data collected from 2010 to 2012 collected from NHAI. In this study, GIS Software is used to map, visualize and examine the accident data. Further, Kernel Density Estimation method, Moran’s I statics and Get-Ord Gi* Statics are used for critical analysis.
The objective of the paper is to define a complex methodology to analyze black spot locations of road infrastructure network combining the benefit of both; Empirical Bayes method and K-mean ...clustering approach. In the first step, K-mean algorithm is used to define homogeneous accident clusters. The homogeneity is described in three terms: traffic conditions, geometric design of the road and accident characteristics. Then, Empirical Bayes method is applied to define black spots based on the determined clusters. Due to the combination of the introduced methods, a powerful technique is provided that is able to identify high-risk locations and cluster dependent segment length as the output of the model.
Trafik kazaları; ölüm, yaralanma ve maddi hasarların yanı sıra trafik tıkanıklıkları, yol güvenliğinde azalma, gürültü ve hava kirliliği gibi olumsuzluklara da neden olmaktadır. Dünya Sağlık ...Örgütü’nün (WHO) 2015 Küresel Yol Güvenliği Durum Raporu’na göre, trafik kazalarında yaralanma sonrası ölümlerin 2030 yılına kadar tüm ölüm nedenleri arasında yedinci sıraya yükseleceği öngörülmektedir. Bunun yanında, özellikle ülkemizin de yer aldığı gelişmekte olan ülkeler başta olmak üzere, ülke ekonomilerinde trafik kazalarından dolayı büyük miktarlarda ekonomik kayıplar da yaşanmaktadır. Trafik kazalarının azaltılması amacıyla, trafikte denetimlerin artırılması, yoldan kaynaklı kusurların giderilmesi, araç muayenelerinin sıklaştırılması, kaza önleme mekanizmalarının geliştirilmesi gibi çeşitli tedbirler alınmaktadır. Kazaların gerek şiddetinin gerekse sayısının azaltılmasında kaza kara noktaları olarak adlandırılan, trafik kazalarının yoğun bir şekilde yaşandığı kesimlerin tespiti ve iyileştirilmesi büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri’nden (CBS) yararlanılarak ağ tarama yöntemleri aracılığı ile kaza kara noktalarının tespiti yapılmakta ve bu yöntemlerin olumlu ve olumsuz yönlerinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaçla, İstanbul D100 karayolunda, basit sıralama, hücre kaydırma ve maksimum nokta arama yöntemleri kullanılarak kavşak ve yol kesimleri ayrı ayrı sıralanmış ve kaza kara noktaları K-ortalama kümeleme yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir.
Nowadays, road accidents are a major public health problem, which increase is forecasted if road safety is not treated properly, dying about 1.2 million people every year around the globe. In 2012, ...Portugal recorded 573 fatalities in road accidents, on site, revealing the largest decreasing of the European Union for 2011, along with Denmark. Beyond the impact caused by fatalities, it was calculated that the economic and social costs of road accidents weighted about 1.17% of the Portuguese gross domestic product in 2010.Visual Analytics allows the combination of data analysis techniques with interactive visualizations, which facilitates the process of knowledge discovery in sets of large and complex data, while the Geovisual Analytics facilitates the exploration of space-time data through maps with different variables and parameters that are under analysis. In Portugal, the identification of road accident accumulation zones, in this work named black spots, has been restricted to annual fixed windows. In this work, it is presented a dynamic approach based on Visual Analytics techniques that is able to identify the displacement of black spots on sliding windows of 12 months. Moreover, with the use of different parameterizations in the formula usually used to detect black spots, it is possible to identify zones that are almost becoming black spots. Through the proposed visualizations, the study and identification of countermeasures to this social and economic problem can gain new grounds and thus the decision-making process is supported and improved.
The high influx of private and public vehicles within global cities (including Ibadan) has resulted in traffic congestion within the city centre. Ibadan North-East, an urban local government area ...(LGA) within the metropolitan land area of Ibadan, has been experiencing automobile accidents and traffic congestion which in turn limits emergency responders. The broad objective of the study was to develop a digital road network database for emergency response to road traffic accident, Ibadan North East, Nigeria. This study made use of primary and secondary data to generate spatial and non-spatial data. ArcGIS 10.3 was used to create the database, analyse data and display the results. Spatial search and network analysis were carried out using a kernel density estimated tool to generate a black-spot area within Ibadan North-East. Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm in the ArcGIS Network Analysis was utilised to identify the closest health facility to the road traffic crash scene. The most cost-effective haven introduced route impedance and is defined as the best route. Study findings show that dynamic distance varies from the best route to an alternative route. Also, kernel density estimation reveals that crashes widely occur in the northeastern and southwestern parts of Ibadan North-East (Iwo Road and Orita-Aperin). Incorporating live traffic data using GPS technology and traffic cameras was identified to enhance road traffic data documentation and safety. The study identifies GIS as a decision support system that is useful in the area of planning, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery for decision-making in road traffic-related emergency management and emergency planning services in Ibadan.
Trafik kazaları; ölüm, yaralanma ve maddi hasarların yanı sıra trafik tıkanıklıkları, yol güvenliğinde azalma, gürültü ve hava kirliliği gibi olumsuzluklara da neden olmaktadır. Dünya Sağlık ...Örgütü’nün (WHO) 2015 Küresel Yol Güvenliği Durum Raporu’na göre, trafik kazalarında yaralanma sonrası ölümlerin 2030 yılına kadar tüm ölüm nedenleri arasında yedinci sıraya yükseleceği öngörülmektedir. Bunun yanında, özellikle ülkemizin de yer aldığı gelişmekte olan ülkeler başta olmak üzere, ülke ekonomilerinde trafik kazalarından dolayı büyük miktarlarda ekonomik kayıplar da yaşanmaktadır. Trafik kazalarının azaltılması amacıyla, trafikte denetimlerin artırılması, yoldan kaynaklı kusurların giderilmesi, araç muayenelerinin sıklaştırılması, kaza önleme mekanizmalarının geliştirilmesi gibi çeşitli tedbirler alınmaktadır. Kazaların gerek şiddetinin gerekse sayısının azaltılmasında kaza kara noktaları olarak adlandırılan, trafik kazalarının yoğun bir şekilde yaşandığı kesimlerin tespiti ve iyileştirilmesi büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri’nden (CBS) yararlanılarak ağ tarama yöntemleri aracılığı ile kaza kara noktalarının tespiti yapılmakta ve bu yöntemlerin olumlu ve olumsuz yönlerinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaçla, İstanbul D100 karayolunda, basit sıralama, hücre kaydırma ve maksimum nokta arama yöntemleri kullanılarak kavşak ve yol kesimleri ayrı ayrı sıralanmış ve kaza kara noktaları K-ortalama kümeleme yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir.
Traffic safety literature has traditionally focused on identification of location profiles where
“more crashes are likely to occur” over a period of time. The analysis involves estimation of crash ...frequency and/or rate (i.e., frequency normalized based on some measure of exposure) with geometric design features (e.g., number of lanes) and traffic characteristics (e.g., Average Annual Daily Traffic AADT) of the roadway location. In the recent past, a new category of traffic safety studies has emerged, which attempts to identify locations where a
“crash is more likely to occur.” The distinction between the two groups of studies is that the latter group of locations would change based on the varying traffic patterns over the course of the day or even within the hour.
Hence, instead of estimation of crash frequency over a period of time, the objective becomes real-time estimation of crash likelihood. The estimation of real-time crash likelihood has a traffic management component as well. It is a proactive extension to the traditional approach of incident detection, which involves analysis of traffic data recorded immediately after the incident. The units of analysis used in these studies are individual crashes rather than counts of crashes.
In this paper, crash data analysis based on the two approaches, collective and at individual crash level, is discussed along with the advantages and shortcomings of the two approaches.
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