Black spot needle blight is a serious conifer disease of
var.
occurring in Northeast China, which is usually caused by the plant pathogenic fungus
. From the diseased pine needles collected in ...Honghuaerji, the
strain YJ-3 was isolated and identified as the phytopathogen, and its culture characteristics were studied. Then, we generated a highly contiguous 48.36-Mbp genome assembly (N50 = 6.62 Mbp) of the
strain YJ-3 by combining the PacBio RS II Single Molecule Real Time (SMRT) and Illumina HiSeq X Ten sequencing platforms. The results showed that a total of 13,667 protein-coding genes were predicted and annotated using multiple bioinformatics databases. The genome assembly and annotation resource reported here will be useful for the study of fungal infection mechanisms and pathogen-host interaction.
Orange juice is a major agricultural product, and oranges are among the most widely sold fresh fruits in several countries. Citrus black spot (CBS), caused by the fungus
Phyllosticta citricarpa
, ...affects almost every species of citrus, causing a esthetic depreciation of the fruit and fruit drop, with consequent financial loss for its in natura commercialization. Fungicides are the major control measure for CBS, but have limited efficiency and high cost, and give rise to fungal strains resistant to these products. This work assayed the production of antifungal compounds by
Bacillus
spp. isolates and tested the potential of two isolates from
B. subtilis
(ACB-AP3 and ACB-83) for controlling CBS under field conditions with two previously untested orange varieties. A total of 15 isolates produced cell-free, thermostable or volatile compounds effective in suppressing
P. citricarpa
growth in vitro. It was possible to detect the production of two antibiotics (iturin and surfactin) by
B. subtilis
ACB-83. Additionally,
B. subtilis
isolates ACB-AP3 and ACB-83 displayed significant effects in controlling the disease under field conditions.
Kecelakaan lalu lintas merupakan masalah yang membutuhkan penanganan serius mengingat besarnya kerugian yang diakibatkannya. Salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan keselamatan transportasi yaitu dengan ...mengetahui titik lokasi rawan kecelakaan. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi lokasi rawan kecelakaan yaitu metode Angka kecelakaan dan frekuensi kecelakaan. Tujuan studi ini untuk mengidentifikasi titik lokasi rawan kecelakaan dengan menggunakan metode Batas Angka Ekivalen kecelakaan dan Z-Score. Data kecelakaan lalu lintas yang dianalisis bersumber dari satlantas Jombang dari tahun 2018 dan data yang bersumber dari media elektronik, variabel dummy dari tahun 2016 - 2019. Aplikasi rancang bangun daerah rawan kecelakaan Berbasis mobile, dibangun dengan framework Codeigniter dan Framework 7, MySql sebagai basis data dan Mapbox Api sebagai layanan peta digital. Hasil akhir dari penelitian ini adalah terciptanya aplikasi SIG berbasis mobile yang menyajikan informasi titik lokasi rawan kecelakaan dan tingkat kerawanannya serta notifikasi kepada pengguna jika berada di radius titik rawan yang dapat diakses oleh masyarakat. AbstractTraffic accidents are a problem that requires serious treatment considering the amount of loss caused. One effort to improve transportation safety is to know the location of accident-prone locations. The method used to identify accident prone locations is the accident rate and frequency of accident methods. The purpose of the study is to identify accident prone locations by using the Accidental Equivalent Limit Limits and Z-Score methods. Traffic accident data analyzed were sourced from Jombang Satlantas from 2018 and data were sourced from electronic media, dummy variables from 2016 - 2019. Application of building design for accident-prone areas Based on mobile, built with Codeigniter frame and Framework 7, MySql as database and the Fire Mapbox as a digital map service. The final result of this study is the creation of a mobile-based GIS application that presents information on the location of accident-prone locations and their vulnerability levels as well as notifications to users if they are in a vulnerable point radius that can be accessed by the public.Keywords: Equivalent accident number (EEK); Black Spot; Framework7; SIG; Z-Score
The haploid ascomycete Diplocarpon rosae is the causal agent of black spot disease on roses, a widespread and devastating disease in the outdoor landscape. In this study, we established a Eurasian ...collection of 77 monoconidial strains of D. rosae: 50 strains collected on cultivated roses in Europe and Asia, and 27 strains on wild roses in Kazakhstan. To provide tools to describe its biology and to study its genetic diversity, we sequenced two strains of D. rosae using Illumina paired‐end technology. The genome sizes of these two strains were estimated at 31.1 and 35.2 Mb, which are two times smaller than the genome size of the unique strain previously published. A BUSCO analysis confirmed a genome duplication of the strain previously sequenced and partial gene duplication of strains analysed in this study. Using the two genome sequences, 27 polymorphic microsatellite markers were identified. Polymorphism analysis of the 77 strains revealed a strong genetic differentiation between strains from cultivated and wild roses, and a lower diversity within the fungal population from cultivated roses compared to the population from wild roses. Pathogenicity of 10 strains was evaluated on 9 rose cultivars inoculated in the greenhouse. Disease scoring allowed the classification of strains into three groups and the characterization of resistance of rose cultivars. Good correlation observed between resistance scoring in greenhouse conditions and in the field indicates that pathogenicity assays in controlled conditions could be very useful in the near future to rapidly characterize the resistance of new rose varieties to black spot disease.
A genetic diversity study of Diplocarpon rosae allowed the distinction of two groups from wild and cultivated roses. In parallel, an assay in controlled conditions was developed to characterize the pathogenicity of D. rosae strains.
Although the potential of marker-assisted selection (MAS) in fruit tree breeding has been reported, bi-parental QTL mapping before MAS has hindered the introduction of MAS to fruit tree breeding ...programs. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are an alternative to bi-parental QTL mapping in long-lived perennials. Selection based on genomic predictions of breeding values (genomic selection: GS) is another alternative for MAS. This study examined the potential of GWAS and GS in pear breeding with 76 Japanese pear cultivars to detect significant associations of 162 markers with nine agronomic traits. We applied multilocus Bayesian models accounting for ordinal categorical phenotypes for GWAS and GS model training. Significant associations were detected at harvest time, black spot resistance and the number of spurs and two of the associations were closely linked to known loci. Genome-wide predictions for GS were accurate at the highest level (0.75) in harvest time, at medium levels (0.38–0.61) in resistance to black spot, firmness of flesh, fruit shape in longitudinal section, fruit size, acid content and number of spurs and at low levels (<0.2) in all soluble solid content and vigor of tree. Results suggest the potential of GWAS and GS for use in future breeding programs in Japanese pear.
Postharvest diseases, such as black spots caused by Alternaria alternata, have caused huge economic losses to the tomato industry and seriously restricted its development. In recent years, biological ...control has become a new method to control postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables. Our research group screened W. anomalus, a yeast demonstrating a promising control effect on a postharvest black spot disease of tomatoes, and explored its physiological mechanism of prevention and control. Therefore, this study investigated the prevention and control effect of metabolites of W. anomalus on tomato black spot disease and the inhibition effect of main components on A. alternata. A GC-MS analysis found that isoamyl acetate was the main component of W. anomalus that played an inhibitory role. The results showed that isoamyl acetate could inhibit the growth of A. alternata and had a certain control effect on postharvest black spots in tomatoes. Our findings suggest that isoamyl acetate could be a promising alternative to fungicides for controlling postharvest black spots in tomatoes.
Black spot, caused by
(
), poses a serious threat to crucifer production, and knowledge of how plants respond to
infection is essential for black spot management. In the current study, combined ...transcriptomic and metabolic analysis was employed to investigate the response to
infection in two cabbage (
var.
) genotypes, Bo257 (resistant to
) and Bo190 (susceptible to
). A total of 1100 and 7490 differentially expressed genes were identified in Bo257 (R_mock vs. R_
) and Bo190 (S_mock vs. S_
), respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that "metabolic pathways", "biosynthesis of secondary metabolites", and "glucosinolate biosynthesis" were the top three enriched KEGG pathways in Bo257, while "metabolic pathways", "biosynthesis of secondary metabolites", and "carbon metabolism" were the top three enriched KEGG pathways in Bo190. Further analysis showed that genes involved in extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, jasmonic acid signaling pathway, and indolic glucosinolate biosynthesis pathway were differentially expressed in response to
infection. Notably, when infected with
, genes involved in extracellular ROS production were largely unchanged in Bo257, whereas most of these genes were upregulated in Bo190. Metabolic profiling revealed 24 and 56 differentially accumulated metabolites in Bo257 and Bo190, respectively, with the majority being primary metabolites. Further analysis revealed that dramatic accumulation of succinate was observed in Bo257 and Bo190, which may provide energy for resistance responses against
infection via the tricarboxylic acid cycle pathway. Collectively, this study provides comprehensive insights into the
-cabbage interactions and helps uncover targets for breeding
-resistant varieties in cabbage.
This paper reports on a comprehensive research study of hazard-ranking models for prioritization and selection of highway–rail grade crossing improvement projects. The U.S. Department of ...Transportation (DOT) accident prediction model is the most commonly used hazard-ranking model, although 11 states use state-specific models. Key variables not included in the U.S. DOT model but included in state-specific models may provide useful insight for identifying hazardous crossing locations. Emerging issues, such as the crash modeling approach used by the U.S. DOT model and the application of economic analysis principles in project prioritization, are also discussed. The findings reported in this paper provide a starting point for a broader discussion among all stakeholders in the grade crossing safety community about ways to improve hazard-ranking and project selection for highway–rail grade crossing investments.
During the year 2008 to 2009, a new disease of stem canker was noticed in most red‐fleshed dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) plantations in Malaysia. The symptoms observed were small circular ...sunken orange spot, black pycnidia and rotted stem. This study was conducted to determine the occurrence of the stem canker on H. polyrhizus in Malaysia, subsequently to isolate, identify and characterize the fungal pathogen based on morphology and molecular characteristics and pathogenicity test. From the surveyed 20 plantations in Malaysia, stem canker was detected in all the plantations. A total of 40 isolates of Scytalidium‐like fungus were isolated and identified as Neoscytalidium dimidiatum based on morphological characteristics and ITS region sequences, which showed 99% similarity to N. dimidiatum (FJ648577). From the phylogenetic analysis using maximum‐likelihood tree, isolates of N. dimidiatum from stem canker of H. polyrhizus were grouped together and did not show any sequence variation. From pathogenicity test, all 40 isolates of N. dimidiatum were pathogenic causing stem canker on H. polyrhizus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of stem canker of H. polyrhizus caused by N. dimidiatum in Malaysia.
Abstract
Road Safety Audit (RSA) is a formal procedure for assessing accident potential and safety performance of new and existing roads. Road safety audit is an efficient, cost effective and ...proactive approach to improve road safety. It is proved that RSA has the potential to save lives. The RSA was originated in Great Britain and is well developed in countries like UK, USA, Australia, New Zealand, Denmark, Canada, Malaysia and Singapore. Presently, it is at varying stages of implementation in developing nations like India, South Africa, Thailand and Bangladesh. Therefore, road safety audit appears to be an ideal tool for improving road safety in India. In this study, a rural road stretching from Rallaguda bridge to Vardhaman College of Engineering in Hyderabad city is chosen for road safety audit. Safety assessment is done using iRAP application by collecting road side features, midblock details, intersection features, vulnerable road users’ facilities, speed and flow details. The secondary objective is to find out the Black Spot locations within Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (RGIA) police station jurisdiction of Hyderabad city. Accident prone areas are identified by estimating Weighted severity and accident severity indices with the help of historical accident data. Finally, major causes of accidents and measures to improve safety of the chosen road section are suggested.
PDF
