Diabetes prevalence and costs are rising on aglobal scale. Therefore, it is necessary to periodically conduct cost studies for assessing the healthcare burden impact. In Slovenia, the last type 2 ...diabetes cost assessment was conducted in 2006, not including all diabetes complication costs. The aim of this study was to revise, update and compare to previously published datadirect healthcare costs of type 2 diabetes in Slovenia with additional complications costs consideration.
The study was performed from the healthcare payer perspective using the bottom-up approach, was prevalence based and estimated direct medical costs.
We estimated total yearly direct medical costs of type 2 diabetes in Slovenia to 99,120,419 euro with annual per capita costs of 834.70 euro. The highest cost shares were attributed to cardiovascular complication costs (21,683,919 euro), diabetes co-medication (20,977,269 euro) and diabetes treatment medication (18,505,015 euro). Highest yearly costs per complication (all cases, all occurrences) were estimated for dialysis I and III (9,162,635 euro), stroke first year costs (4,951,306 euro) and congestive heart failure first year costs (4,879,533 euro). Yearly per one patient, the complication costs were highest for kidney transplantation, followed by dialysis I and III (78,621.25 euro and 36,797.73 euro)
In comparison to the costs published in the literature before, our estimated total yearly direct medical costs were comparable, although annual per capita costs were assessed lower than elsewhere. Further, regarding the complication costs estimations, our assessed expenses were comparable to those published in other countries.
Prevalenca in stroški sladkorne bolezni v globalnem merilu naraščajo. Zato je treba redno izvajati študije stroškovnega bremena za oceno vpliva na zdravstvo. V Sloveniji je bila zadnja študija bremena sladkorne bolezni tipa 2 izvedena leta 2006 in ni upoštevala vseh stroškov diabetičnih zapletov. Cilj te raziskave je bil pregledati, posodobiti in primerjati s prej objavljenimi podatki neposredne medicinske stroške sladkorne bolezni tipa 2 v Sloveniji z upoštevanjem dodatnih diabetičnih zapletov.
Študija je bila izvedena z vidika plačnika zdravstvenega varstva; uporabljen je bil pristop »bottom-up« s prevalenčnim vidikom in ocenjeni so bili neposredni medicinski stroški.
Letne neposredne medicinske stroške sladkorne bolezni tipa 2 smo ocenili na 99,120.419 evrov z 834,70 evra letnih stroškov na osebo. Najvišji delež je pripadal stroškom srčno-žilnih zapletov (21,683.919 evrov), stroškom sočasno uporabljenih zdravil (20,977.269 evrov) in stroškom antidiabetikov in inzulinov (18,505.015 evrov). Najvišji letni stroški za diabetični zaplet (vse ponovitve in vsi primeri) so bili ocenjeni za dializo I in III (9,162.635 evrov), prvo leto možganske kapi (4.951.306 evrov) in prvo leto srčnega popuščanja (4,879.533 evrov). Najdražji zaplet sladkorne bolezni (letno na posameznega bolnika) je bila transplantacija ledvic (78.621,25 evra), sledili sta dializa I in III (letno na osebo 36.797,73 evra).
V primerjavi s prej objavljenimi podatki v literaturi so v tej raziskavi objavljeni letni neposredni medicinski stroški primerljivi, čeprav so letni stroški na osebo ocenjeni nižje kot drugje. Prav tako so stroškovne ocene posameznih zapletov sladkorne bolezni primerljive s prej objavljenimi.
Epidemiological surveillance of gastrointestinal communicable diseases in Slovenia from 1999 to 2009 Introduction: The surveillance of infectious diarrhoea (ID) in Slovenia is based on the Law on ...Communicable Diseases (Official Gazette 33 / 06) and the Act on Registration (Official Gazette 16/99). The incidence of ID is based on passive notification. Methods: The epidemiological situation of infectious diarrhoea in Slovenia from 1999 to 2009 was estimated. The estimation was based on notifications. Results: From 1999 to 2009, the incidence of all ID inclusive of bacterial, viral and unknown etiology increased. The incidence of all ID increased for 61% from 1999 to 2009 in spite of decrease of incidence of bacterial ID. The incidence of viral enteritis increased: the incidence of rotavirus enteritis by 80% and the incidence of norovirus enteritis by 360%. On the contrary, the incidence of bacterial gastroenterocolitis decreased. The decrease in incidence was greatest for salmonella ID (71%), then E.coli ID (53%) and campylobacter ID (32%). The average incidence of all ID from 1999 to 2009 was 536 / 100 000 inhabitants. Conclusions: Notifications for all ID comprise a quarter of all the notifications of all infectious diseases and remain an important public health problem. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Although theoretically very effective and apparently quite straightforward, cardiovascular prevention leaves much to be desired in practice. Several reasons, including ethical, conceptual, ...psychological, and operative pitfalls (lifestyle changes are mostly ignored; drug therapy is too often prescribed with no good reason, and performed in an episodic or on/off way) are presented in this essay. Discussed are the grounds of these aberrations and suggested are some intuitive solutions, best achievable in family practice.
Preprečevanje srčno-žilnih bolezni je teoretično zelo učinkovito in na videz precej enostavno, vendar pa je treba v praksi na tem področju še marsikaj storiti. Prispevek opisuje razloge takšnega stanja, tj. etične, konceptualne in psihološke dejavnike ter težave pri izvajanju. Zdravljenje z zdravili prevečkrat predpišemo brez pravega razloga, poteka pa občasno in neredno. Prispevek obravnava vzroke teh slabosti in predlaga nekaj rešitev, ki jih najlaže ponudi družinska medicina.
Experiments were carried out in the Vėžaičiai Branch of the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture (West Lithuania region) in 2002-2005. The aim of this research was to estimate the ecological ...significance of perennial legumes used as green manure for the biological properties of triticale and rye and for diseases resistance. Residues of the perennial grasses tested and ploughed-in aftermath contributed different contents of nitrogen to the soil. The highest content of nitrogen was contributed to the soil with red clover residues and aftermath. Residues of white clover and aftermath ploughed in as green manure determined more favourable soil properties. This had a positive effect on the formation of biological parameters of cereals grown after white clover, which made it possible without mineral and organic fertilisers to produce on average 3.88 t ha-1 of triticale grain and 3.82 t ha-1 of rye grain, or by 1.09 and 0.28 t ha-1 more compared with their growing after red clover managed in the same way as white clover. Different growing conditions of winter cereals, i.e. different preceding crops, had a significant effect on the occurrence of scald and septoriosis.
Poskusi so bili opravljeni v Vėžaičiai Branch na Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture v obdobju od leta 2002 do 2005. Namen raziskave je bil oceniti ekološki pomen trajnih metuljnic, uporabljenih za zeleno gnojenje, na odpornost proti boleznim ter na biološke lastnosti tritikale in rži. Zaorani ostanki zelenih delov preizkušanih metuljnic so imeli različne vplive na vsebnost dušika v tleh. K najvišji vsebnosti dušika so prispevali ostanki rdeče detelje, zaorani ostanki bele detelje pa so imeli ugodnejše učinke na lastnosti tal. Izboljšane talne lastnosti so pozitivno vplivale na parametre rasti, ki so omogočili pridelek 3,88 t ha-1 zrnja tritikale in 3,82 t ha-1 zrnja rži brez uporabe mineralnih ali drugih organskih gnojil. Ko je bil predhodni posevek rdeča detelja, je bil pridelek tritikale manjši za 1,09 t ha-1, pridelek rži pa za 0,28 t ha-1 manjši v primerjavi s pridelkom po zelenem gnojenju z belo deteljo. Različni predhodni posevki so imeli pomemben vpliv na pojavnost ožiga in listne pegavosti.
Vaccinating children against varicella: are two doses of vaccine necessary? Varicella is a mild childhood disease. Serious complications are rare and more common in infants, adults and persons with ...weakened immunity. Varicella vaccine has been available for a long time. In 1998, the World Health Organization recommended universal varicella vaccination with only one dose. Later it has been shown that vaccination with two doses of varicella vaccine is more immunogenic compared to one dose. A lack of protective effectiveness has been found with a single dose only. Consequently, some countries with universal varicella vaccination for children switched to a two-dose vaccination. A systematic review of the published studies on the effectiveness of vaccination supporting the rationale for introducing a second dose of varicella vaccine was made. A few studies show that vaccination with two doses in children is more effective than vaccination with one dose. Also our position is to recommend that children be vaccinated with two doses, because the possibility of infection is still significant due to the intensive circulation of causative agent. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Extended description:- Information:- Dangerous ticks. Shots of a tick and a forest. Discussed by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Franc Sterle from ...the University Infection Clinic in Ljubljana and the epidemiologist Alenka Kraigher from the University Institute of health and Social Protection.- Original language summary:
Nevarni klopi - posnetki klopa, gozd, govorita doc. dr. Franc Sterle, Univerzitetna infekcijska klinika, Alenka Kraigher, epidemiolog, Univerzitetni zavod za zdravstveno in socialno varstvo.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Extended description:
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Slovenija: klopi oz. borelioza; gozd, izjava dr. Janez Sterle - klinika za infekcijske bolezni in vročinska stanja, klopi, izpuščaj in rdeča lisa na telesu, klop hodi po listu.- Information:- All outdoor fans are scared of ticks recently, mainly due to the possibility of contacting Lyme's disease. What’s the real situation? How many ticks are infected? Are our fears unfounded or is the danger is real? We leave the verdict up to you.- Original language summary:
Zadnje čase se vsi, ki hodimo v naravo bojimo klopov. Predvsem zaradi borelioze. Res, kako je z njo? Koliko klopov je res okuženih; ali gre za strah, ki ima velike oči, ali gre za pravo in resnično nevarnost? Presodite sami.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Extended description:- Information:- Julka Vahen discusses AIDS and presenting the informational material by the Federal Committee ...on AIDS. By the official data gathered back then, Yugoslavia reported 11 AIDS patients to the WHO by the end of June, 1987.- Original language summary:
Pogovor Julke Vahen o bolezni AIDS in informacijski materiali, katere je pripravila Zvezna komisija za AIDS. Jugoslavija je po do tedaj zbranih uradnih podatkih do konca junija 1987 Svetovni zdravstveni organizaciji prijavila 11 bolnikov z boleznijo AIDS.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
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Kot smo že poročali, se je slovenski izvršni svet odločil za cepljenje vsega prebivalstva. Popoldne pa so na ...sekretariatu ponovno poudarili, da so se za ta ukrep odločili za to, ker se je pokazal kot najbolj učinkovita zaščita pred obolenjem. Zato je potrebno čim bolj dosledno izpolnjevati ta odlok, saj se bomo le tako obvarovali te hude in neprijetne bolezni. Posnetki so z Zavoda za zdravstveno varstvo v Ljubljani. Povedali so tudi, da je na voljo dovolj kakovostnega cepiva, ki so uvozili iz Švice. Za pripravo cepljenja so bili imenovani operativni štab pri republiškem sekretariatu za zdravstvo in socialno varstvo ter področni štabi pri regionalnih zavodih za zdravstveno varstvo pri Sloveniji; Področni štabi imajo tudi vsa potrebna strokovna navodila za cepljenje. Cepiti se morajo tudi vsi tisti,ki prihajajo v Slovenijo iz drugih republik, ker ni natančno znana pot morebitnih bolnikov z bolniki na Kosovem in v Srbiji.
Objavljamo skrajšano poročilo Štaba za zdravstveno varstvo prebivalstva pred črnimi kozami pri zveznem sekretariatu za delo in socialno politiko. V njem je med drugim rečeno: prvi primer črnih koz so se pojavili v vaseh Danjanu in Ratkovac v občinah Orahovac in Djakovice. Naša javnost je bila obveščena o tem takoj, ko so ta sum potrdili tudi izvidi, obenem so obvestili tudi svetovno zdravstveno organizacijo. Naša zdravstvena služba je takoj ustrezno ukrepala.
V omenjenih občinah je doslej zbolelo 44 ljudi, trije pa so umrli. Do ponedeljka so v Beogradu ugotovili 23 obolelih, v Čačku sedem in v Novem Pazaru enega. V Čačku je umrl en bolnik, v Beogradu pa trije. Osamili so tudi ljudi, ki so imeli stike z njimi. O položaju v zvezi s črnimi kozami v Jugoslaviji so ugotovili, da je bolezen na območju v Socialistični republiki Srbiji in da jo popolnoma nadzoruje zdravstvena služba. Vendar pa štab še naprej meni, da je treba zelo odločno ukrepati in to ne samo na ogroženem, ampak tudi na širšem območju države. Sporočilo zveznega štaba dalje pavi, da je zdravstvena služba sodelovala tudi s svetovno zdravstveno organizacija, njen predstavnik, doktor Reinhard Linder pa že dalj časa na terenu z našimi strokovnjaki. Doktor Linder je dejal, da je zadovoljen s prizadevanji za omejitev te bolezni in da epidemija ne ogroža vse Jugoslavije. Izrazil je tudi upanje, da bo bolezen moč ustaviti, kar z drugimi besedami pomeni, da bodo ogrožena območja čez kakšne štiri tedne že razglašena in zbrisana s spiska okuženih. Poročilo v nadaljevanju pravi, da so dosedanji ukrepi zdravstvene službe in drugih organov, pojav črnih koz omejili na ozka področja, ki so pod strogo strokovno kontrolo, tako da je pričakovati, da se bolezen ne bo širila. Na podlagi celotnega položaja in storjenih ukrepov ocenjujejo, da ni razloga za nervozo, še najmanj pa za paniko pri prebivalstvu.- Information:- The Secretary of Health and Social Protection of FYR Slovenia held a press conference this afternoon. When asked whether anyone in Slovenia was infected with smallpox within Slovenia, the head of the anti-epidemiology service Prof. Dr. Milko Bedjanič answered that we haven’t had such case in the republic. Other questions were related to prevention measures in Slovenia.- Original language summary:
Na vprašanje, ali je v Sloveniji že kdo zbolel za črnimi kozami, je na popoldanski tiskovni konferenci, ki jo je sklical republiški sekretariat za zdravstvo in socialno varstvo, vodja slovenske proti-epidemiološke službe profesor doktor Milko Bedjanič odgovoril, da takega primera v naši republiki ni bilo. Sicer pa je tekla beseda o preventivnih ukrepih v naši republiki.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
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