Bone tissue engineering using polymer based scaffolds have been studied a lot in last decades. Considering the qualities of all the polymers desired to be used as scaffolds, Polycaprolactone (PCL) ...polyester apart from being biocompatible and biodegradable qualifies to an appreciable level due its easy availability, cost efficacy and suitability for modification. Its adjustable physio-chemical state, biological properties and mechanical strength renders it to withstand physical, chemical and mechanical, insults without significant loss of its properties. This review aims to critically analyse the efficacy of PCL as a biomaterial for bone scaffolds.
Bone tissue is the structural component of the body, which allows locomotion, protects vital internal organs, and provides the maintenance of mineral homeostasis. Several bone-related pathologies ...generate critical-size bone defects that our organism is not able to heal spontaneously and require a therapeutic action. Conventional therapies span from pharmacological to interventional methodologies, all of them characterized by several drawbacks. To circumvent these effects, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are innovative and promising approaches that exploit the capability of bone progenitors, especially mesenchymal stem cells, to differentiate into functional bone cells. So far, several materials have been tested in order to guarantee the specific requirements for bone tissue regeneration, ranging from the material biocompatibility to the ideal 3D bone-like architectural structure. In this review, we analyse the state-of-the-art of the most widespread polymeric scaffold materials and their application in in vitro and in vivo models, in order to evaluate their usability in the field of bone tissue engineering. Here, we will present several adopted strategies in scaffold production, from the different combination of materials, to chemical factor inclusion, embedding of cells, and manufacturing technology improvement.
In the field of bone tissue repair, the treatment of bone defects has always posed a significant challenge. In recent years, the advancement of bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine has ...sparked great interest in the development of innovative bone grafting materials. In this study, a novel hydroxyapatite (HA) material was successfully prepared and comprehensively characterized. Antimicrobial experiments and biological evaluations were conducted to determine its efficacy. Based on the aforementioned research findings, 3D printing technology was employed to fabricate HA/chitosan (CS)/ polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds. The composition of the scaffold materials was confirmed through X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) tests, while the influence of different HA ratios on the scaffold surface morphology was observed. Additionally, antimicrobial experiments demonstrated the favorable antimicrobial activity of the scaffolds containing 30%HA + 5%CS + PCL. Furthermore, the water contact angle measurements confirmed the superhydrophilicity of the scaffolds. Finally, the excellent bioactivity and ability to promote tissue regeneration of the scaffolds were further confirmed by in vitro and in vivo experiments. This study provides new options for future repair and regeneration of bone tissue and clinical applications.
Bone tissue engineering endows alternates to support bone defects/injuries that are circumscribed to undergo orchestrated process of remodeling on its own. In this regard, hydrogels have emerged as a ...promising platform that can confront irregular defects and encourage in situ bone repair.
In this study, we aimed to develop a new approach for bone tissue regeneration by developing an alginate based composite hydrogel incorporating selenium doped biphasic calcium phosphate nanoparticles, and retinoic acid. The fabricated hydrogel was physiochemically evaluated for morphological, bonding, and mechanical behavior. Additionally, the biological response of the fabricated hydrogel was evaluated on MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cells.
The developed composite hydrogel confers excellent biocompatibility, and osteoconductivity owing to the presence of alginate, and biphasic calcium phosphate, while selenium presents pro osteogenic, antioxidative, and immunomodulatory properties. The hydrogels exhibited highly porous microstructure, superior mechanical attributes, with enhanced calcification, and biomineralization abilities in vitro.
By combining the osteoconductive properties of biphasic calcium phosphate with multifaceted benefits of selenium and retinoic acid, the fabricated composite hydrogel offers a potential transformation in the landscape of bone defect treatment. This strategy could direct a versatile and effective approach to tackle complex bone injuries/defects and present potential for clinical translation.
•The research work involves enhancement in osteoconductivity and immunomodulation in bone tissue repair•The developed composite hydrogel has high mechanical stability and enhanced calcification•This work presents a new approach to increase proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of bone cells.•The reported work investigates the synergistic effect of selenium and retinoic acid in bone tissue engineering
Bone defect is one of the urgent problems to be solved in clinics, and it is very important to construct efficient scaffold materials to facilitate bone tissue regeneration. Hydrogels, characterized ...by their unique three-dimensional network structure, serve as excellent biological scaffold materials. Their internal pores are capable of loading osteogenic drugs to expedite bone formation. The rate and quality of new bone formation are intimately linked with immune regulation and vascular remodeling. The strategic sequential release of drugs to balance inflammation and regulate vascular remodeling is crucial for initiating the osteogenic process. Through the design of hydrogel microstructures, it is possible to achieve sequential drug release and the drug action time can be prolonged, thereby catering to the multi-systemic collaborative regulation needs of osteosynthesis. The drug release rate within the hydrogel is governed by swelling control systems, physical control systems, chemical control systems, and environmental control systems. Utilizing these control systems to design hydrogel materials capable of multi-drug delivery optimizes the construction of the bone microenvironment. Consequently, this facilitates the spatiotemporal controlled released of drugs, promoting bone tissue regeneration. This paper reviews the principles of the controlled release system of various sustained-release hydrogels and the advancements in research on hydrogel multi-drug delivery systems for bone tissue regeneration.
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•This paper explores a critical issue in the field of bone tissue regeneration, providing new insights and solutions.•This paper outlines the latest developments in hydrogel materials featuring multi-drug delivery capabilities.•This paper concludes the spatiotemporal controlled released hydrogels through analysis of bone regeneration procedures.
Vitamin D3, vitamin K2, and Mg (10%, 1.25%, and 5%, w/w, respectively)-loaded PLA (12%, w/v) (TCP (5%, w/v))/PCL (12%, w/v) 1:1 (v/v) composite nanofibers (DKMF) were produced by electrospinning ...method (ES) and their osteoinductive effects were investigated in cell culture test. Neither pure nanofibers nor DKMF caused a significant cytotoxic effect in fibroblasts. The induction of the stem cell differentiation into osteogenic cells was observed in the cell culture with both DKMF and pure nanofibers, separately. Vitamin D3, vitamin K2, and magnesium demonstrated to support the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by expressing Runx2, BMP2, and osteopontin and suppressing PPAR-γ and Sox9. Therefore, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was activated by DKMF. DKMF promoted large axonal sprouting and needle-like elongation of osteoblast cells and enhanced cellular functions such as migration, infiltration, proliferation, and differentiation after seven days of incubation using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results showed that DKMF demonstrated sustained drug release for 144 h, tougher and stronger structure, higher tensile strength, increased water up-take capacity, decreased degradation ratio, and slightly lower Tm and Tg values compared to pure nanofibers. Consequently, DKMF is a promising treatment approach in bone tissue engineering due to its osteoinductive effects.
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•Vitamin D3, vitamin K2, and Mg were loaded in PLA(TCP)/PCL nanofibers (DKMF).•DKMF supported the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells.•DKMF expressed Runx2, BMP2, and osteopontin and suppressed PPAR-γ and Sox9.•The Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway was activated by DKMF.•DKMF promoted large axonal sprouting and needle-like elongation of osteoblast cells.
Polylactic acid/Hydroxyapatite (PLA/HA) composite was widely studied and applied in the field of biomaterials for its good processability, bioactivity, and mechanical properties. In addition to ...traditional preparation methods, additive manufacturing has also been adopted to prepare PLA/HA composites with customized geometries. This work combined the comprehensive optimized PLLA (L-polylactic acid)/nano-HA (nHA) composite with the low-cost and stable Fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology to successfully prepare PLLA/nHA porous bone repair scaffolds. The results showed that PLLA/nHA composite ink satisfied the smoothness of printing, and the accuracy also met the requirements of personalized bone repair application. The high loaded nHA scaffold had suitable compressive strength was significantly higher than those of pure HA ceramic scaffold and cancellous bone. Besides, in vitro bone-like apatite formation on the surface in the degradation process and in vivo evaluations further verified its good osteogenic property. Compared with other complex and cutting-edge 3D printing technologies, this study provides a low-cost, stable, simple and fast way to realize personalized printing of bone repair scaffolds, which is undoubtedly conductive to the improvement and rapid deployment of personalized biomaterials in clinical applications.
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•Comprehensive optimized PLLA/nano-hydroxyapatite composite was made successfully for bone repair scaffold printing.•Bone-like apatite can form on the scaffold surface in vitro degradation experiments just in PBS, indicating the high bioactivity of scaffold.•The high loaded nano- hydroxyapatite scaffold has suitable compressive strength and good osteogenic property.•This study provides a low-cost, stable, simple and fast way to realize personalized printing of bone repair scaffolds.
A review of 3D printed porous ceramics Zhang, Feng; Li, Zongan; Xu, Mengjia ...
Journal of the European Ceramic Society,
July 2022, 2022-07-00, Letnik:
42, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Three-dimensional (3D) printing of ceramics has gained widespread attentions in recent years. Many excellent reviews have reported the printing of ceramics. However, most of them focus on printing of ...dense ceramics or general ceramic aspects, there is no systematical review about 3D printing of porous ceramics. In this review paper, the 3D printing technologies for fabricating of porous ceramic parts are introduced, including binder jetting, selective laser sintering, direct ink writing, stereolithography, laminated object manufacturing, and indirect 3D printing processes. The techniques to fabricate hierarchical porous ceramics by integrating 3D printing with one or more conventional porous ceramics fabrication approaches are reviewed. The main properties of porous ceramics such as pore size, porosity, and compressive strength are discussed. The emerging applications of 3D printed porous ceramics are presented with a focus on the booming application in bone tissue engineering. Finally, summary and a perspective on the future research directions for 3D printed porous ceramics are provided.
Tissue‐engineered hydrogels have received extensive attention as their mechanical properties, chemical compositions, and biological signals can be dynamically modified for mimicking extracellular ...matrices (ECM). Herein, the synthesis of novel double network (DN) hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties using combinatorial screening methods is reported. Furthermore, nanoengineered (NE) hydrogels are constructed by addition of ultrathin 2D black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets to the DN hydrogels with multiple functions for mimicking the ECM microenvironment to induce tissue regeneration. Notably, it is found that the BP nanosheets exhibit intrinsic properties for induced CaP crystal particle formation and therefore improve the mineralization ability of NE hydrogels. Finally, in vitro and in vivo data demonstrate that the BP nanosheets, mineralized CaP crystal nanoparticles, and excellent mechanical properties provide a favorable ECM microenvironment to mediate greater osteogenic cell differentiation and bone regeneration. Consequently, the combination of bioactive chemical materials and excellent mechanical stimuli of NE hydrogels inspire novel engineering strategies for bone‐tissue regeneration.
Black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets–based hydrogels show excellent mechanical properties, favorable mineralization, and high bioactivity. The ultra‐high strength hydrogels are made of covalent bonds combined with a high density of polymer entanglements and hydrogen bonds. Notably, the BP nanosheets exhibit intrinsic properties for induced calcium phosphate particle formation and therefore improve the mineralization of the hydrogels.
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