Background: Severe acute rotavirus gastroenteritis (SRVGE) is the world's highest cause of children mortality, with symptoms of severe dehydrating diarrhea due to rotavirus (RV) infection. SRVGE ...provides a high economic burden, mostly in developing countries. Currently, three RV vaccines (Rotarix, RotaTeq, Rotavac) are licensed internationally by the World Health Organization (WHO) and are not yet applicable in developing countries. Hence, research shows the potential of BRV-PV in preventing RV infection in pediatrics, especially in developing countries. Objective: This review aims to analyze the effectiveness and safety of BRV-PV in developing countries. Methods: This systematic review includes studies from the ScienceDirect, PubMed, Elsevier, and Cochrane databases that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search method uses the Boolean operator with the articles from the last ten years. Eight articles with a total of 9088 children were reviewed to analyze the effectiveness and safety of BRV-PV. Results and Discussion: Of all the studies involved, BRV-PV has effectively reduced the incidence of hospitalization and emergency cases due to SRVGE. Furthermore, BRV-PV is also safe for children in developing countries, proven by increased anti-RV IgA concentrations and minimal side effects. Conclusion: BRV-PV is more effective, safe, heat-stable, and affordable than the previous three RV vaccines in developing countries Keyword: BRV-PV, Gastroenteritis, Rotavirus, Rotavirus Vaccine Latar Belakang: Severe acute rotavirus gastroenteritis (SRVGE) merupakan penyebab kematian anak tertinggi di dunia dengan gejala diare dehidrasi parah akibat infeksi rotavirus (RV). SRVGE memberikan beban ekonomi yang tinggi, terutama di negara-negara berkembang. Saat ini, tiga vaksin RV (Rotarix, RotaTeq, Rotavac) dilisensikan secara internasional oleh World Health Organization (WHO) dan belum dapat diterapkan di negara-negara berkembang. Oleh karena itu, penelitian menunjukkan potensi BRV-PV dalam mencegah infeksi RV pada anak-anak, khususnya di negara berkembang. Tujuan: Ulasan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas dan keamanan BRV-PV dalam mencegah SRVGE. Metode: Tinjauan sistematis ini mencakup studi dari database ScienceDirect, PubMed, Elsevier, dan Cochrane yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Metode pencariannya menggunakan operator boolean dengan artikel sepuluh tahun terakhir. Delapan artikel dengan total 9088 pediatri ditinjau untuk menganalisis efektivitas dan keamanan BRV-PV. Hasil dan Pembahasan: Dari semua penelitian yang terlibat, BRV-PV telah secara efektif mengurangi kejadian rawat inap dan kasus darurat akibat SRVGE. Selain itu, BRV-PV juga aman untuk anak-anak di negara berkembang, terbukti dengan peningkatan konsentrasi IgA anti-RV dan efek samping yang minimal. Kesimpulan: BRV-PV lebih efektif, aman, tahan panas, dan terjangkau dibandingkan tiga vaksin RV sebelumnya di negara berkembang.. Kata Kunci: BRV-PV, Gastroenteritis, Rotavirus, Vaksin Rotavirus
The most damaging pathogen in blackcurrant plantations is mite-transmitted blackcurrant reversion virus (BRV). Some Ribes species have an encoded genetic resistance to BRV. We performed RNA ...sequencing analysis of BRV-resistant blackcurrant cv. Aldoniai to evaluate the molecular mechanisms related to the BRV infection response. The RNA of virus-inoculated and mock-inoculated microshoots was sequenced, and the transcriptional changes at 2- and 4-days post inoculation (dpi) were analyzed. The accumulation and expression of BRV RNA1 were detected in infected plants. In total, 159,701 transcripts were obtained and 30.7% were unigenes, annotated in 7 databases. More than 25,000 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) according to FPKM were upregulated or downregulated. We observed 221 and 850 DEGs at 2 and 4 dpi, respectively, in BRV-infected microshoots related to the stress response. The proportion of upregulated DEGs at 4 dpi was about 3.5 times higher than at 2 dpi. Pathways of the virus defense response were activated, and key candidate genes were identified. The phenylpropanoid and the cutin, suberine, and wax biosynthesis pathways were activated in infected plants. Our comparative de novo analysis of the R. nigrum transcriptome provides clues not only for understanding the molecular BRV resistance mechanisms but also for breeding BRV-tolerant genotypes.
Due to the availability of several social media platforms and their use in sending text messages, it is necessary to provide an easy and safe way to protect messages from being hacked especially in ...the presence of intruders and data thieves, and taking into consideration that most of messages are confidential and personal, it is necessary to provide an easy and safe way to protect messages from being hacked. In this research paper, a simple and easy method of message cryptography will be proposed. The method divides a message into blocks with fixed sizes. The block size ranges from 2 to 60. The method uses a secret color image to generate an array with a size equal to the number of resulted blocks. The array will then be used as a private key. Each element of the private key will be used to calculate the number of rotation digits for the associated block in order to apply block rotation left operation. The proposed method will be examined using the parameters: Mean Square Error (MSE), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Correlation Coefficient (CC), and throughput. The proposed method will be compared with other standard methods of message cryptography, such as Data Encryption Standard (DES), Triple-DES (3DES), Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), and Blow Fish (BF). Experimental results show that the proposed method is enough secured based on using secret image, block size, and calculated Rotation Left Digits (RLD) for each block.
Emotional arousal, an essential dimension of game users' experience, plays a crucial role in determining whether a game is successful. Game users' emotion arousal assessment (GUEA) is of great ...importance. However, GUEA often faces challenges, such as selecting emotion-inducing games, labeling emotional arousal, and improving accuracy. In this study, the scheme for verifying the effectiveness of emotion-induced games is proposed so that the selected games can induce the target emotions. In addition, the personalized arousal label generation method is developed to reduce the errors caused by individual differences among subjects. Furthermore, to improve the accuracy of GUEA, the Breath Rate Variability (BRV) signal is used as a GUEA indicator along with commonly used physiological signals. Comparative experiments on GUEA based on multimodal physiological signals are conducted. The experimental result shows that the accuracy of GUEA is improved by adding the BRV signal, up to 92%.
Recent research has unearthed that blink rate variability (BRV) can be employed as a psychophysiological measure. However, its efficiency for mental state recognition (MSR) has not been investigated ...yet. Because BRV can indicate dynamics inherent in eye blinks, we conjectured that BRV might exhibit stronger abilities for the MSR if compared with blink rate (BR), known as the leading indicator derived from eye blinks for MSR. Therefore, in this paper, we attempted to differentiate between high and low cognitive loads of an individual through the analyses of BR and BRV, respectively, which could be viewed as a preliminary study for comparing their MSR abilities. First, an n -back experiment was performed to collect data. Then, in order to characterize the phenomenon of BRV, the features were extracted from its time and frequency domains, respectively. Finally, the area under the curve (AUC) values of BRV and BR for MSR were estimated by the ten commonly used classifiers, respectively. The results indicated that BRV achieves significantly higher AUC values than BR, which suggests its strong potentiality for MSR. In sum, the BRV may prove to be a promising method for the MSR, which should be considered in the future.
•Pentavalent reassortant rotavirus vaccine (BRV-PV) was tested for lot-to-lot consistency in Indian infants.•The vaccine demonstrated safety profile similar to licensed Rotarix®.•Lot-to-lot ...consistency in the immunogenicity of BRV-PV was demonstrated in terms of GMC ratios of IgA antibodies.•The immune responses between the pooled BRV-PV arms and Rotarix® were comparable.
A heat-stable bovine-human rotavirus reassortant pentavalent vaccine (BRV-PV, ROTASIIL®) was developed in India. In this study, the vaccine was tested for safety, immunogenicity and clinical lot-to-lot consistency.
This was a Phase III, open label, randomized, equivalence design study. The primary objective was to demonstrate lot-to-lot consistency of BRV-PV. Subjects were randomized into four arms, three arms received Lots A, B, and C of BRV-PV and the control arm, received Rotarix®. Three doses of BRV-PV or two doses of Rotarix® and one dose of placebo were given at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age. Blood samples were collected four weeks after the third dose to assess rotavirus IgA antibody levels. The three lots of BRV-PV were equivalent if the 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) of the geometric mean concentration (GMC) ratios were between 0.5 and 2. Solicited reactions were collected by using diary cards.
The study was conducted in 1500 randomized infants, of which 1341 infants completed the study. The IgA GMC ratios among the three lots were around 1 (Lot A versus Lot B: 1.07; Lot A versus Lot C: 1.06; and Lot B versus Lot C: 0.99). The 95% CIs for the GMC ratios were between 0.78 and 1.36. The IgA GMCs were: BRV-PV group 19.16 (95% CI 17.37–21.14) and Rotarix® group 10.92 (95% CI 9.36–12.74) (GMC ratio 1.75; 90% CI 1.51–2.04). Seropositivity rates were 46.98% (95% CI 43.86–50.11) and 31.12% (95% CI 26.17–36.41). The incidence of solicited reactions was comparable across the four arms. No serious adverse events were associated with the study vaccines, except two gastroenteritis events in the BRV-PV groups.
Lot-to-lot consistency of BRV-PV was demonstrated in terms of GMC ratios of IgA antibodies. The vaccine safety and immunogenicity profiles were similar to those of Rotarix®.
Clinical Trials.Gov NCT02584816 and Clinical Trial Registry of India CTRI/2015/07/006034.
A newly developed bovine-human reassortant pentavalent vaccine (BRV-PV, ROTASIIL®) was tested for its potential effect on the immunogenicity of concomitantly administered EPI vaccines in infants in a ...randomized controlled study in India.
In this Phase III, multicenter, open label, randomized, controlled study, three doses of BRV-PV or two doses of Rotarix® and one dose of placebo were given to healthy infants at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age. Subjects also received three doses of DTwP-HepB-Hib (diphtheria, tetanus, whole-cell pertussis, hepatitis B, and haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate – pentavalent vaccine) and oral polio vaccine concomitantly at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age and a single dose of inactivated polio vaccine at 14 weeks of age. Blood samples were collected four weeks after the final vaccination to assess immune responses to all the vaccines administered. For diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis B, Hib, polio type 1, and polio type 3 antibodies, non-interference was to be supported if the lower limit of the two-sided 90% confidence interval (CI) for the seroprotection rate difference for the BRV-PV group minus the Rotarix® group was >10.0%. For pertussis antibodies, non-interference was to be supported if the lower limit of the two-sided 90% CI for the ratio of geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) was >0.5.
A total of 1500 infants were randomized to either BRV-PV (1125 infants) or Rotarix® (375 infants), of which 1341 completed the study as per the protocol. More than 97% of subjects achieved seroprotective antibody titres against diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis B, Hib, polio type 1, and polio type 3 in both groups. The difference in seroprotection rates between the BRV-PV group and the Rotarix® group for all these antibodies was less than 1%. The ratio of GMCs of anti-pertussis IgG concentrations for the BRV-PV group versus Rotarix® was 1.04 90% CI: 0.90; 1.19.
BRV-PV does not interfere with the immunogenicity of concomitantly administered routine infants vaccines.
Highlights • Serum Institute of India Ltd. developed a pentavalent bovine rotavirus vaccine. • The vaccine has undergone animal toxicity, Phase I and Phase II clinical studies. • The results indicate ...that the vaccine is safe and immunogenic. • The vaccine is now poised to enter a large Phase III study in infants to assess efficacy and safety.
Background: In this study, we aimed to establish a multiplex fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for the identification and detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus ...(BVDV), bovine rotavirus (BRV) and bovine coronavirus (BCV).
Methods: Based on the highly conserved sequences of BVDV E2 gene, BRV VP6 gene and BCV N gene in GenBank, specific primers were designed to amplify the target gene fragments of each virus and the reaction conditions and system were optimized. Multiple fluorescence quantitative methods were established by fluorescence quantitative PCR.
Result: The minimum detection limits of plasmid standards for BVDV, BRV and BCV by multiplex fluorescence quantitative PCR were 1.19×102 copies/μL, 3.89×101 copies/μL and 3.74×101 copies/μL, respectively. The lowest sensitivity of the established method was 100 times higher than that of conventional PCR and had high sensitivity. Furthermore, BVDV, BRV and BCV were amplified specifically, with no cross-reactivity with Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV). The intra-and inter-group coefficients of variation were less than 1%, showing good assay repeatability. Using the established method and ordinary multiplex PCR to simultaneously detect 150 clinical diarrheal disease material samples, the coincidence rate of samples with mixed infection of the three viruses was 83.3%. The results showed that the multiplex fluorescent quantitative PCR detection method established in this study provides a rapid, sensitive and specific technique for clinical diagnosis and epidemiological monitoring of BVDV, BRV and BCV.
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