Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential element for plant growth and development, but transporters required for Mn uptake have only been identified in a few plant species. Here, we functionally ...characterized a member of the natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins (Nramps) family, FeNramp5 in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), which is known as a species well adapted to acidic soils. FeNramp5 was mainly expressed in the roots, and its expression was upregulated by the deficiency of Mn and Fe. Furthermore, spatial and tissue-specific expression analysis showed that FeNramp5 was expressed in all tissues of the basal root regions. FeNramp5-GFP protein was localized to the plasma membrane when transiently expressed in buckwheat leaf protoplast. FeNramp5 showed the transport activity for Mn2+ and Cd2+ but not for Fe2+ when expressed in yeast. Furthermore, the transport activity for Mn2+ was higher in yeast expressing FeNramp5 than in yeast expressing AtNramp1. FeNramp5 was also able to complement the phenotype of Arabidopsis atnramp1 mutant in terms of the growth and accumulation of Mn and Cd. The absolute expression level of AtNramp1 was comparable to that of FeNramp5 in the roots, but buckwheat accumulated higher Mn than Arabidopsis when grown under the same condition. Further analysis showed that at least motif B in FeNramp5 seems important for its high transport activity for Mn. These results indicate that FeNramp5 is a transporter for the uptake of Mn and Cd and its higher transport activity for Mn is probably associated with higher Mn accumulation in buckwheat.
•A total of 722 metabolites were identified in the seeds of eight buckwheat varieties.•84 key active ingredients and 78 active pharmaceutical ingredients were identified.•Tartary and common buckwheat ...differ in metabolite composition.•155 and 48 biomarkers were identified in Tartary and common buckwheat, respectively.•Tartary buckwheat is a promising source with higher health-promoting value.
Tartary buckwheat has higher health-promoting value than common buckwheat. However, the related metabolites information except flavonoids is largely deficient. Here, we compared the seed metabolomes of the two species using a UHPLC-QqQ-MS-based metabolomics approach. In total, 722 metabolites were obtained, of which 84 and 78 were identified as the key active ingredients of Traditional Chinese Medicines and the active pharmaceutical ingredients for six major diseases-resistance, respectively. Comparative analysis showed there were obviously difference in metabolic profiles between the two buckwheat species, and further found 61 flavonoids and 94 non-flavonoids metabolites displayed significantly higher contents (≥2 fold) in Tartary buckwheat than in common buckwheat. Our results suggest that Tartary and common buckwheat seeds are rich in metabolites beneficial to human health, and non-flavonoids metabolites also contributed to Tartary buckwheat's higher health-promoting value than common buckwheat. This study provides valuable information for the development of new functional foods of Tartary buckwheat.
Cultivated buckwheat include two species originating from China: common buckwheat (
) and tartary buckwheat (
). Buckwheat can cause IgE-mediated allergy, including severe allergic reactions and ...anaphylaxis. Exposure can occure when eating buckwheat food (food allergen), when producing or handling buckwheat food (occupational exposure) or when sleeping on buckwheat husk pillows (houeshold environmental exposure).
A search on buckwheat allergy in the medical datbase PubMed from 1970-2020.
A number of allergenic proteins have been identified in common buckwheat (e.g., Fag e 1, Fag e 2 and Fag e 3) and in tartary buckwheat (e.g., Fag t 1, Fag t 2, Fag t 3). Clinically relevant cross-reactivity has been described between buckwheat and peanut, latex, coconut, quinoa, and poppy seed. The prevalence of buckwheat allergy in the population can be estimated as 0.1-0.4% in Japan, Korea and buckwheat consuming areas of China. Among patients in allergy clinics in different countries, 2-7% has confirmed buckwheat allergy. School studies from Japan and Korea found 4-60 cases of buckwheat-related anaphylaxis per 100,000 school children. The incidence of severe allergic reactions to buckwheat, including anaphylaxis, can be estimated as 0.1-0.01 cases per 100,000 person-years.
Buckwheat allergy is a neglected allegy deserving further attention but severe allergic reactions are rare.
To investigate the response and the regulatory mechanism of common buckwheat starch, amylose, and amylopectin biosynthesis to P management strategies, field experiments were conducted in 2021 and ...2022 using three phosphorus (P) levels. Results revealed that the application of 75 kg hm−2 phosphate fertilizer significantly enhanced amylopectin and total starch content in common buckwheat, leading to improved grain weight and starch yield, and decreased starch granule size. The number of upregulated differentially expressed proteins induced by phosphate fertilizer increased with the application rate, with 56 proteins identified as shared differential proteins between different P levels, primarily associated with carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. Phosphate fertilizer inhibited amylose synthesis by downregulating granule-bound starch synthase protein expression and promoted amylopectin accumulation by upregulating 1,4-alpha-glucan branching enzyme and starch synthase proteins expression. Additionally, Phosphate fertilizer primarily promoted the accumulation of hydrophobic and essential amino acids. These findings elucidate the mechanism of P-induced starch accumulation and offer insights into phosphate fertilizer management and high-quality cultivation of common buckwheat.
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•P inhibited amylose synthesis, but promoted amylopectin and starch accumulation.•The number of upregulated DEPs increased with phosphorus application rate.•Shared DEPs between P levels are related to carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism.•P-induced DEPs mainly promoted the accumulation of HAA and EAA.
Buckwheat‐resistant starch (BRS) has shown to be a nutrient capable of lowering cholesterol and reducing obesity. In this study, the regulatory effects of tartary buckwheat starch on blood lipid ...level and gut microbiota (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, and Escherichia coli) in mice fed with a high‐fat diet was investigated. Male C57BL/6 mice were separately fed with a normal diet (CON), a high‐fat diet (HFD), and high‐fat diet supplemented with buckwheat‐resistant starch (HFD+BRS) for 6 weeks. After the feedings, lipid profile, blood glucose, plasma levels of cytokines, short‐chain fatty acid content in the colon and intestinal flora of fecal were measured. Furthermore, the antioxidant indices of the liver and duodenum tissues were measured to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of mice. Significantly reduced plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), glucose, and cytokines were observed in the HFD+BRS group, accompanied by an increased antioxidant capacity in the liver and duodenum. In addition, supplementation with BRS significantly inhibited the increase in plasma lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and interleukin‐6 levels. Gut microbiota composition was regulated by the supplement of BRS, which promoted the growth of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Enterococcus, as well as inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli. In contrast to the HFD group, the content of short‐chain fatty acids in mice colon increased in the BRS group. In conclusion, BRS benefited the cholesterol and glucose metabolism, as well as optimized gut microbiota composition in mice fed with a high‐fat diet.
Practical Application
This study identified the beneficial effects of tartary buckwheat‐resistant starch on the regulation of blood lipids and intestinal flora in mice fed a high‐fat diet. The result of this study will provide a basis for the development of probiotic products supplemented with tartary buckwheat‐resistant starch and direction for further research.
•Fagopyrins were analyzed in flowers, leaves, and stems of buckwheats during growth.•Fagopyrins were the highest in the flowers, followed by leaves and stems.•Fagopyrin F was the major form and the ...highest in Tartary buckwheat flowers.
Fagopyrins, anthraquinone derivatives present in buckwheat, are structurally similar to hypericin. The objective of this study was to determine changes of fagopyrins in flowers, leaves, and stems of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum; CB) and Tartary buckwheat (F. tataricum; TB) during growth. Flowers, leaves, and stems of buckwheats were collected until the 50th day after sowing (DAS) at intervals of 5 days. Fagopyrins were analyzed by HPLC-FLD and HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Buckwheat flowers contained significantly higher fagopyrins than the other parts. Fagopyrins in TB flowers were significantly higher than in CB flowers. Concentration of fagopyrins in the flowers gradually decreased until the 50th DAS. Fagopyrin F was the major form of fagopyrins in buckwheats, accounting for 68–79 % in CB and 81–94 % in TB with TB flowers the highest (93–94 %). This study was the first in analyzing contents of fagopyrin F and fagopyrins in different parts of buckwheats during growth.
Tartary buckwheat belongs to the family Polygonaceae, which is a traditionally edible and medicinal plant. Due to its various bioactive compounds, the consumption of Tartary buckwheat is correlated ...to a wide range of health benefits, and increasing attention has been paid to its potential as a functional food. This review summarizes the main bioactive compounds and important bioactivities and health benefits of Tartary buckwheat, emphasizing its protective effects on metabolic diseases and relevant molecular mechanisms. Tartary buckwheat contains a wide range of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, triterpenoids, phenylpropanoid glycosides, bioactive polysaccharides, and bioactive proteins and peptides, as well as D-chiro-inositol and its derivatives. Consumption of Tartary buckwheat and Tartary buckwheat-enriched products is linked to multiple health benefits, e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, anticancer, antidiabetic, antiobesity, antihypertensive, and hepatoprotective activities. Especially, clinical studies indicate that Tartary buckwheat exhibits remarkable antidiabetic activities. Various tartary buckwheat -based foods presenting major health benefits as fat and blood glucose-lowering agents have been commercialized. Additionally, to address the safety concerns, i.e., allergic reactions, heavy metal and mycotoxin contaminations, the quality control standards for Tartary buckwheat and its products should be drafted and completed in the future.
Na3V2(PO4)2F3 (NVPF) is one of the Na-containing superionic conducting crystals, but it has a disadvantage of low intrinsic electronic conductivity. To improve this issue, NVPF@C/G with a ...three-dimensional conductive structure from bio-carbon (buckwheat) and graphene is fabricated via a straightforward carbothermal reduction method. We use this material to construct cathodes for Na-ion batteries. The resulting NVPF@C/G delivers high initial (equal to 137.5 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C) and stable long-term (equal to 110.5 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles) capacity. At 10 C, the capacity of the NVPF@C/G-containing cathode is 80.6 mAh g−1. Furthermore, a Na-ion full-cell containing our NVPF@C/G-based cathode and hard carbon anode shows outstanding cycling stability with the initial discharge capacity of 101.6 mAh g−1. The discharge capacity of this full cell returns to 90.4 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C after it is tested at various high rates. Such superior performances can be attributed to the 3D conductive network in NVPF@C/G, which can increase the conductivity and improve the kinetics of the Na3V2(PO4)2F3. This work suggests that the buckwheat-derived carbon-coated Na3V2(PO4)2F3 enwrapped in graphene can be a potential active material for high rate and long-cycle Na-ion batteries.
•Na3V2(PO4)2F3(NVPF) has been prepared via facile one-step ball milling method.•Realization of in-situ carbon coating with biomass buckwheat.•NVPF with 3D network was modified by N-doped carbon coating and graphene.•NVPF@C/G delivers capacity of 137.5 mAh g−1 for the first cycle at 0.2 C.•NVPF@C/G displays favorable rate and stable cyclic performance as full cell.
Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) is an annual coarse cereal from the Polygonaceae family, known for its high content of flavonoid compounds, particularly rutin. But so far, the mechanisms of ...the flavonoid transport and storage in Tartary buckwheat (TB) remain largely unexplored. This study focuses on ATP-binding cassette transporters subfamily C (ABCC) members, which are crucial for the biosynthesis and transport of flavonoids in plants. The evolutionary and expression pattern analyses of the ABCC genes in TB identified an ABCC protein gene, FtABCC2, that is highly correlated with rutin synthesis. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that FtABCC2 protein is specifically localized to the vacuole membrane. Heterologous expression of FtABCC2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae confirmed that its transport ability of flavonoid glycosides such as rutin and isoquercetin, but not the aglycones such as quercetin and dihydroquercetin. Overexpression of FtABCC2 in TB hairy root lines resulted in a significant increase in total flavonoid and rutin content (P < 0.01). Analysis of the FtABCC2 promoter revealed potential cis-acting elements responsive to hormones, cold stress, mechanical injury and light stress. Overall, this study demonstrates that FtABCC2 can efficiently facilitate the transport of rutin into vacuoles, thereby enhancing flavonoids accumulation. These findings suggest that FtABCC2 is a promising candidate for molecular-assisted breeding aimed at developing high-flavonoid TB varieties.
Buckwheat is a rich source of starch, proteins, minerals and antioxidants, and as such has become a popular functional ingredient incorporated in diverse recipes/products with particular use in the ...gluten free market. Due to the absence of gluten, application of buckwheat or buckwheat derived ingredients in this particular food sector has increased significantly over recent years with many buckwheat-based products appearing globally.
Sensory analysis is an integral part of the development of products that fulfill consumer expectations. Therefore, investigations on the incorporation of health promoting functional ingredients such as buckwheat into traditional recipes are often complemented by the evaluation of appearance, aroma, taste and texture as well as overall quality through standardized procedures involving trained judges or consumer panels. Aroma is of particular importance in driving consumer preference and its sensory assessment is often complemented with analytical workflows aiming to isolate and determine the concentration of volatile compounds in food and understand the effect of food components on the overall aroma intensity and/or perception of the final product.
The present manuscript provides a review of recent advances and knowledge on the sensory characteristics, consumer preference and volatile compound analysis of buckwheat and buckwheat based products.
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