This book combines the history of charitable institutions with the study of power in urban and rural spaces from the late medieval to the early modern era. Focusing on the Ospedale di Santa Maria ...della Scala in Siena, the book goes beyond examining hospitals in an urban context to also consider the significant impact of charitable institutions in rural spaces. Case studies of Santa Maria della Scala's farms allow an investigation of the relationship between urban institutions and their rural properties, while looking at subject hospitals outside the Sienese state offers a glimpse into the competition for power with non-Sienese entities. As Siena's politics shifted in the sixteenth century, Santa Maria della Scala and its rural spaces became sites where power was negotiated. The book thus demonstrates how geographies of power affected the practice of charity for both urban hospitals and the rural communities they influenced.
Nonprofit hospitals provide charity care to financially disadvantaged patients according to their self-designed eligibility policies. The Affordable Care Act may have prompted nonprofit hospitals to ...adopt more generous eligibility policies, but no prior research has examined the longitudinal trend. The expansion of Medicaid coverage in many states has been found to reduce charity care provision, but it is unclear whether the change in charity care eligibility policies differed between Medicaid expansion and nonexpansion states. Using mandatory tax filings, we found that both hospitals in Medicaid expansion states and hospital in nonexpansion states adopted more generous eligibility policies in 2018 than in 2010, but the change was greater in the former for discounted charity care; while the former provided less charity care regardless of their policy changes, the latter provided more when their policies became more generous. This study has implications for policy discussions on the justification of nonprofit hospitals’ tax-exempt status.
Aid organizations, activists, and the media often use graphic depictions of human suffering to elicit sympathy and aid. While effective, critics have condemned these practices as exploitative, ...objectifying, and deceptive, ultimately labeling them ‘poverty porn.’ This paper examines people's ethical judgments of portrayals of poverty and the criticisms surrounding them, focusing on the context of charity advertising. In Studies 1 and 2, we find that tactics that have been decried as deceptive (i.e., using an actor or staging a photograph) are judged to be less acceptable than those that have been decried as exploitative and objectifying (i.e., depicting an aid recipient's worst moments). This pattern occurs both when evaluating the tactics themselves (Studies 1a-1c) and when directly evaluating critics' arguments about them (Study 2). Studies 3 and 4 unpack the objection to deceptive tactics and find that participants' chief concern is not about manipulating the audience's responses or about distorting perceptions of reality. Participants report less concern about non-deceptive manipulation (using emotion to compel donations) and ‘cherry-picked’ portrayals of poverty (an ad showing an extreme, but real image) so long as there is some truth to the portrayal. Yet they are more sensitive to artificial images (e.g., an actor posing as poor), even when the image resembles reality. Thus, ethical judgments hinge more on whether poverty portrayals are genuine than whether they are representative. This work represents the first empirical investigation into ethical judgments of poverty portrayals. In doing so, this work sheds light on how people make sense of morally questionable tactics that are used to promote social welfare and deepens our understanding of reactions to deception.
This article considers the relationship between the law, charity and religion, and specifically, the charitable doctrines of the advancement of religion and public benefit. In doing so, it addresses ...a number of matters, including controversy and morality, from the perspective of some key religious charity law cases. The discussions consider whether or not the Lord’s name may be taken in vain through the works of these charities, and thus require legal reform, or whether charity law is indeed doing the Lord’s work within the constructs of charity law such that the law remains fit for purpose.
While there have always been high levels of philanthropic giving in the Global South, the urgency and unexpectedness of COVID-19 transformed the parameters within which philanthropy operates. ...'Reimagining Philanthropy in the Global South' examines how newer models of philanthropy are tackling development challenges, including poverty, inequality and access to healthcare and education, and questions how organisations are coping with structural changes in donor-driven philanthropy; how changes in traditional grant making are impacting the imperatives of recipient organisations; and how indigenous philanthropy is making a difference. The chapters provide frank assessments of the priorities, challenges and opportunities of emerging market philanthropy, and the lessons learned from the pandemic. The authors highlight the deeper issues at play, as well as offering ideas and positive examples of how diverse stakeholders are coming together to solve social challenges in creative and practical ways. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Internationally, there has been a steady increase in the number of countries instigating charity regulation. Public interest theory suggests that regulation increases organisational transparency ...through reducing information asymmetry, protects (or encourages) a competitive market, and leads to a distribution of resources which is in the public interest. While these arguments may explain charity regulation, the cost of compliance can be an issue for small-and medium-sized charities. Therefore, regulators tend to take a light-handed approach to small and medium charities' information provision. This paper ascertains the impact of a lighthanded enforcement regime on small and medium charities' reporting, analysing the financial reporting practices of a selection of 300 small-and medium-sized charities registered with the former New Zealand Charities Commission against the Charities Act 2005 requirements and hence the rationale for this regulator. It uses this analysis to predict how the regulator's activities might impact future reporting practices of charities. Le nombre de pays qui se sont lancés dans la réglementation des activités caritatives a augmenté de façon régulière. La théorie de l'intérêt public suggère que la réglementation accroît la transparence des organisations en réduisant les écarts d'information, protège (ou encourage) un marché concurrentiel, et permet une distribution des ressources avantageuse pour le public. Même si ces arguments peuvent expliquer la réglementation des activités caritatives, le coût de la mise en conformité peut être un problème pour les institutions caritatives petites et moyennes. Les régulateurs ont donc tendance à adopter une approche moins exigeante vis-à-vis des informations que fournissent les organisations caritatives petites et moyennes. Cet article mesure l'impact que ce régime de mis-en-œuvre allégé a sur les rapports que fournissent les organisations caritatives petites et moyennes, analysant les pratiques de rapports financiers d'un échantillon de 300 organisations caritatives petites et moyennes enregistrées auprès de l'ancienne Commission Néo-Zélandaise des activités caritatives, conformément aux exigences de l'Acte des activités caritatives de 2005, et donc conformément à la logique du régulateur. Nous utilisons cette analyse pour prédire l'impact éventuel des activités du régulateur sur les futures pratiques de rapport des organisations caritatives. International betrachtet steigt die Zahl der Länder, die eine Regulierung gemeinnütziger Organisationen initiieren, stetig an. Die Theorie des öffentlichen Interesses legt nahe, dass eine Regulierung die organisatorische Transparenz durch eine Reduzierung der Informationsasymmetrie erhöht, einen wettbewerbsfähigen Markt schützt (oder fördert) und zu einer Verteilung der Ressourcen führt, was im öffentlichen Interesse liegt. Während diese Argumente eine Regulierung der gemeinnützigen Organisationen zwar erklären, können die Kosten, die mit der Einhaltung von Vorschriften verbunden sind, für kleine und mittelgroße Wohltätigkeitsorganisationen problematisch sein. Aus diesem Grund tendieren die Regulatoren dazu, die Bereitstellung von Informationen seitens kleiner und mittelgroßer Wohltätigkeitsinformationen weniger streng durchzusetzen. Dieser Beitrag ermittelt die Auswirkungen eines derartigen leichthändigen Umgangs auf die Rechenschaftslegung kleiner und mittelgroßer Wohltätigkeitsorganisationen und analysiert die Praktiken der Finanzberichtserstattung von 300 ausgewählten kleinen und mittelgroßen gemeinnützigen Organisationen, die bei der vormaligen neuseeländischen Wohltätigkeitskommission (New Zealand Charities Commission) registriert sind, vor dem Hintergrund der Bestimmungen des Charities Act von 2005, dem anwendbaren Grundprinzip dieser Regulierungsbehörde. Man nutzt diese Analyse, um eine Prognose darüber aufzustellen, wie sich die Aktivitäten der Regulierungsbehörde auf die Berichtspraktiken der Wohltätigkeitsorganisationen in Zukunft auswirken könnten. Internacionalmente, ha habido un aumento constante del número de países que exhortan a la regulación de la caridad. La teoría del interés público sugiere que la regulación aumenta la transparencia organizativa mediante la reducción de la asimetría de la información, protege (o alienta) un mercado competitivo, y lleva a una distribución de los recursos que es de interés público. Aunque estos argumentos pueden explicar la regulación de la caridad, el coste de su cumplimiento puede ser un problema para las organizaciones benéficas de pequeño y mediano tamaño. Por consiguiente, los reguladores tienden a optar por un enfoque de izquierdas para la provisión de información de las organizaciones benéficas pequeñas y medianas. El presente documento verifica el impacto de un régimen de aplicación de izquierdas sobre los informes de las organizaciones benéficas pequeñas y medianas, analizando las prácticas de notificación financiera de una selección de 300 organizaciones benéficas de tamaño pequeño y mediano inscritas ante la antigua Comisión de Organizaciones Benéficas de Nueva Zelanda con respecto a los requisitos de la Ley sobre Organizaciones Benéficas de 2005 y por lo tanto, con respecto al razonamiento de este regulador. El presente documento utiliza este análisis para predecir cómo las actividades del regulador podrían afectar a las futuras prácticas de notificación financiera de las organizaciones benéficas.
What does it mean to be a compassionate, caring person in Russia, which has become a country of stark income inequalities and political restrictions? How might ethics and practices of kindness ...constitute a mode of civic participation in which "doing good"-helping, caring for, and loving one another in a world marked by many problems and few easy solutions-is a necessary part of being an active citizen?Living Faithfully in an Unjust Worldexplores how, following the retreat of the Russian state from social welfare services, Russians' efforts to "do the right thing" for their communities have forged new modes of social justice and civic engagement. Through vivid ethnography based on twenty years of research within a thriving Moscow-based network of religious and secular charitable service providers, Melissa L. Caldwell examines how community members care for a broad range of Russia's population, in Moscow and beyond, through programs that range from basic health services to human rights advocacy. As the experiences of assistance workers, government officials, recipients, and supporters reveal, their work and beliefs are shaped by a practical philosophy of goodness and kindness. Despite the hardships these individuals witness on a regular basis, there is a pervasive sense of optimism that human kindness will prevail over poverty, injury, and injustice. Ultimately, what connects members of this diverse group is a shared belief that caring for others is not simply a practical matter or an idealistic vision but a project of faith and hope. Together care-seekers and care-givers destabilize and remake the meaning of "faith" and "faith-based" by putting into practice a vision of humanitarianism that transcends the boundaries between state and private, religious and secular.
The Determinants of Charity Misconduct McDonnell, Diarmuid; Rutherford, Alasdair C.
Nonprofit and voluntary sector quarterly,
02/2018, Letnik:
47, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Charities in the United Kingdom have been the subject of intense media, political, and public scrutiny in recent times; however, our understanding of the nature, extent, and determinants of charity ...misconduct is weak. Drawing upon a novel administrative dataset of 25,611 charities for the period 2006-2014 in Scotland, we develop models to predict two dimensions of charity misconduct: regulatory investigation and subsequent action. There have been 2,109 regulatory investigations of 1,566 Scottish charities over the study period, of which 31% resulted in regulatory action being taken. Complaints from members of the public are most likely to trigger an investigation, whereas the most common concerns relate to general governance and misappropriation of assets. Our multivariate analysis reveals a disconnect between the types of charities that are suspected of misconduct and those that are subject to subsequent regulatory action.
Aktywność dobroczynna Wietnamczyków w niewielkim stopniu podejmowana była w literaturze światowej, nie przykuła również uwagi polskich badaczy. Odwołania do teorii wymiany uogólnionej, przynależenia ...oraz uwarunkowań kulturowych są próbą wypełnienia powstałej luki. Na podstawie netnografii, wywiadów pogłębionych i analizy medialnych doniesień przeanalizowano działania charytatywne skierowane do społeczeństwa polskiego przed i w początkowej fazie pandemii. Skala i szeroki zasięg działań Wietnamczyków przynosił obopólne korzyści, również dla polskich polityków. Na poziomie wartości, dążenie do spłaty długu wdzięczności było jednym z czynników wpływających na decyzję o pomaganiu. Na poziomie instrumentalnym, oprócz partykularnych interesów budowania rozpoznawalności marki biznesowej, korzyścią motywującą do dalszych działań był między innymi pozytywny wizerunek społeczności w oczach polskiego społeczeństwa. Proaktywne odpowiedzi na realne zapotrzebowanie Polaków, konstruowanie wspólnej korzyści i dbałość o reputację stanowiły sposób manifestowania przynależenia w warunkach polskich.
Vietnamese charitable work in Poland: gratitude and belonging
Vietnamese charitable activity was only to a small extent taken up in world literature. It also did not attract the attention of Polish researchers. This paper attempts to fill the gap drawing on the theory of generalized exchange, belonging and cultural determinants. I analysed charity actions directed to Polish society before and in the initial phase of the pandemic based on netnography, in-depth interviews and analysis of media reports. The scale and wide range of Vietnamese actions brought mutual benefits profitable also for Polish politicians. At the value level, the desire to pay off the debt of gratitude was one of their incentives to help. At the instrumental level, beside individual interests to build business brand recognition, a positive image of the community in the eyes of Polish society was one of the benefits inspiring further actions. Proactive responses to actual Polish needs, creating a shared value and care for reputation constituted the Vietnamese way to manifest belonging in Polish conditions.
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