In the late sixteenth century, the English started expanding westward, establishing control over parts of neighboring Ireland as well as exploring and later colonizing distant North America. Audrey ...Horning deftly examines the relationship between British colonization efforts in both locales, depicting their close interconnection as fields for colonial experimentation. Focusing on the Ulster Plantation in the north of Ireland and the Jamestown settlement in the Chesapeake, she challenges the notion that Ireland merely served as a testing ground for British expansion into North America. Horning instead analyzes the people, financial networks, and information that circulated through and connected English plantations on either side of the Atlantic.In addition, Horning explores English colonialism from the perspective of the Gaelic Irish and Algonquian societies and traces the political and material impact of contact. The focus on the material culture of both locales yields a textured specificity to the complex relationships between natives and newcomers while exposing the lack of a determining vision or organization in early English colonial projects.
This innovative and important volume presents the archaeological and anthropological foundations of the landscape learning process. Contributions apply the related fields of ethnography, cognitive ...psychology, and historical archaeology to the issues of individual exploration, development of trail systems, folk knowledge, social identity, and the role of the frontier in the growth of the modern world.
A series of case studies examines the archaeological evidence for and interpretations of landscape learning from the movement of the first pre-modern humans into Europe, peoplings of the Old and New World at the end of the Ice Age, and colonization of the Pacific, to the English colonists at Jamestown.
The final chapters summarize the implications of the landscape learning idea for our understanding of human history and set out a framework for future research.
'Excellent ... Marcy Rockman and James Steele have done a good job.' - Landscape History
"...this book makes important contributions to the continuing study of landscape, and the bridging interdisiplinary gaps between archaeology and anthropology." Joost Fontein, University of Edinburgh
Marcy Rockman is a Lecturer in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Arizona, Tucson. James Steele is a Lecturer in the Department of Archaeology at Southampton University.
List of Tables and Figures List of Contributors Foreword Acknowledgements Editors' Introduction Section One: Conceptual Frameworks 1. Knowledge and Learning in the Archaeology of Colonization 2. Human Wayfinding Behaviour 3. Colonization of New Land by Hunter-Gatherers: Expectations and Implications Based on Ethnographic Data 4. Tracking the Role of Pathways in the Evolution of a Human Landscape: the St. Croix Riverway in Ethnohistorical Perspective 5. Mining Rushes and Landscape Learning in the Modern World Section 2: Case Studies 6. Landscape Learning and the Earliest Peopling of Europe 7. The Social Context of Landscape Learning and the Lateglacial - Early Postglacial Recolonization of the British Isles 8. "Where Do We Go From Here?": Modelling the Decision-Making Process During Exploratory Dispersal 9. Deerslayers, Pathfinders and Icemen: Origins of the European Neolithic as Seen from the Frontier 10. Entering Uncharted Waters: Models of Initial Colonization in Polynesia 11. The Weather is Fine: Wish You Were Here, Because I'm the Last One Alive: 'Learning' the Environment in the English New World Colonies Section 3: Advances in Theory and Method 12. Colonizing New Landscapes: Archaeological Detectability of the First Phase 13. Lessons in Landscape Learning Index
A truly continental history in both its geographic and political scope,The Elusive West and the Contest for Empireinvestigates eighteenth-century diplomacy involving North America and links ...geographic ignorance about the American West to Europeans' grand geopolitical designs. Breaking from scholars' traditional focus on the Atlantic world, Paul Mapp demonstrates the centrality of hitherto understudied western regions to early American history.In the first two-thirds of the eighteenth century, imperial officials in London, Paris, or Madrid knew very little about western North America. Yet Europeans' competition to gain access to the Pacific Ocean and control trade to the Far East enhanced the importance of western American territories. Mapp reconstructs French, Spanish, British, and Amerindian ideas about these unknown regions, especially the elusive Northwest Passage, and shows that a Pacific focus is crucial to understanding the causes, course, and consequences of the Seven Years' War.Mapp's work serves as a model for constructing a comprehensive colonial history of the continent. His book transcends artificially imposed boundaries of scholarly inquiry that did not exist in the diverse and interconnected early modern world and relates remote Pacific regions to the Atlantic aspects of the global Seven Years' War.
After 1776, the former American colonies began to re-imagine themselves as a unified, self-created community. Technologies had an important role in the resulting national narratives, and a few ...technologies assumed particular prominence. Among these were the axe, the mill, the canal, the railroad, and the irrigation dam. In this book David Nye explores the stories that clustered around these technologies. In doing so, he rediscovers an American story of origins, with America conceived as a second creation built in harmony with God's first creation.;While mainstream Americans constructed technological foundation stories to explain their place in the New World, however, marginalised groups told other stories of destruction and loss. Native Americans protested the loss of their forests, fishermen resisted the construction of dams, and early environmentalists feared the exhaustion of resources. A water mill could be viewed as the kernel of a new community or as a new way to exploit labour. If passengers comprehended railways as part of a larger narrative about American expansion and progress, many farmers attacked railroad land grants. To explore these contradictions, Nye devotes alternating chapters to narratives of second creation and to narratives of those who rejected it. He draws on popular literature, speeches, advertisements, paintings, and many other media to create a history of American foundation stories.
This first complete history of Israel's occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip allows us to see beyond the smoke screen of politics in order to make sense of the dramatic changes that have ...developed on the ground over the past forty years. Looking at a wide range of topics, from control of water and electricity to health care and education as well as surveillance and torture, Neve Gordon's panoramic account reveals a fundamental shift from a politics of life—when, for instance, Israel helped Palestinians plant more than six-hundred thousand trees in Gaza and provided farmers with improved varieties of seeds—to a macabre politics characterized by an increasing number of deaths. Drawing attention to the interactions, excesses, and contradictions created by the forms of control used in the Occupied Territories, Gordon argues that the occupation's very structure, rather than the policy choices of the Israeli government or the actions of various Palestinian political factions, has led to this radical shift.
1.The majority of plant species in northern temperate deciduous forests are restricted to the ground layer, but the importance of colonization processes relative to environmental filtering in ...structuring spatial variation in ground-layer plant communities is poorly understood. 2.Using multivariate analyses, structural equation modelling and geostatistics, we examined interactions among ground-layer plant communities, the live overstorey and environmental gradients across a 70- to 90-year-old northern hardwood forest in Wisconsin (USA). We hypothesized that (i) fine-scale variation is related to environmental filtering rather than dispersal limitation and colonization processes; and (ii) exogenous 'site' filters exert more control than the composition and structure of the overstorey. 3.A transition from communities of spring ephemerals to communities of evergreen-dimorphic species is related to a hierarchy of controls driven by elevation, soil texture and associated effects on soil moisture, overstorey composition, and O-horizon and soil properties. An orthogonal axis distinguished among sparse communities associated with high levels of soil moisture early in the growing season and rich communities of early summer forbs associated with increasing O-horizon N:P and %Ca, and short-distance dispersal mechanisms. Indirect effects of tree species are significant, but cumulatively less important than exogenous site filters. 4.Synthesis. The spatial patterning of ground-layer plant communities is related to both environmental filtering and colonization. These patterns were related to species' functional and dispersal characteristics, suggesting that processes structuring ground-layer plant communities are not merely neutral. Loose regulation of environmental and resource gradients resulting in a coarse-grained spatial patterning of plant communities observed in second-growth forests may therefore be related to a simplification in overstorey composition and the absence of heterogeneity accumulating through gap dynamics.
An innovative remapping of empire,Imperial Connectionsoffers a broad-ranging view of the workings of the British Empire in the period when the India of the Raj stood at the center of a newly ...globalized system of trade, investment, and migration. Thomas R. Metcalf argues that India itself became a nexus of imperial power that made possible British conquest, control, and governance across a wide arc of territory stretching from Africa to eastern Asia. His book, offering a new perspective on how imperialism operates, emphasizes transcolonial interactions and webs of influence that advanced the interests of colonial India and Britain alike. Metcalf examines such topics as law codes and administrative forms as they were shaped by Indian precedents; the Indian Army's role in securing Malaya, Africa, and Mesopotamia for the empire; the employment of Indians, especially Sikhs, in colonial policing; and the transformation of East Africa into what was almost a province of India through the construction of the Uganda railway. He concludes with a look at the decline of this Indian Ocean system after 1920 and considers how far India's participation in it opened opportunities for Indians to be a colonizing as well as a colonized people.
This epic history compares the empires built by Spain and Britain in the Americas, from Columbus's arrival in the New World to the end of Spanish colonial rule in the early nineteenth century. J. H. ...Elliott, one of the most distinguished and versatile historians working today, offers us history on a grand scale, contrasting the worlds built by Britain and by Spain on the ruins of the civilizations they encountered and destroyed in North and South America.Elliott identifies and explains both the similarities and differences in the two empires' processes of colonization, the character of their colonial societies, their distinctive styles of imperial government, and the independence movements mounted against them. Based on wide reading in the history of the two great Atlantic civilizations, the book sets the Spanish and British colonial empires in the context of their own times and offers us insights into aspects of this dual history that still influence the Americas.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization increases infection risk in both patients and healthy individuals. Decolonization therapy has been proven to reduce S. aureus ...infections, but data on the effectiveness of individual decolonization strategies in community-onset MRSA carriage are scarce.
The aim of this narrative review was to summarize the evidence on strategies for the elimination of MRSA colonization in community-onset MRSA carriers.
PubMed database was searched for studies on MRSA eradication, from inception to July 2023.
Topical therapy is proven to be effective in nasal-only carriage and in temporary load reduction. Mupirocin nasal ointment in combination with chlorhexidine body wash is highly effective in nasal-only MRSA carriers in the community as well. In patients with extra-nasal colonization, addition of orally administered antibiotics likely increases success rates compared with topical therapy alone. Studies on systemic treatment of extra-nasal MRSA decolonization are subject to a high heterogeneity of antimicrobial agents, treatment duration, and control groups. The majority of evidence supports the use of a combination of topical therapy with rifampin and another antimicrobial agent. Decolonization treatment with probiotics is a promising novel non-antibiotic strategy. However, achieving long-term decolonization is more likely in countries with low MRSA prevalence, given the risk of recolonization in a context of high MRSA prevalence.
The decision to pursue community-onset MRSA eradication treatment in the individual patient should be based on the combination of the treatment objective (short-term bacterial load reduction in health care settings vs. long-term eradication in community settings), and the likelihood of successful decolonization. The latter is influenced by both individual risk factors for treatment failure, and the risk of recolonization. The addition of a combination of systemic antibiotics is rational for extra-nasal long-term decolonization. To determine the most effective systemic antimicrobial agents in MRSA decolonization, more research is needed.
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