A adoção de listas de medicamentos essenciais, compostas por produtos selecionados, é uma das estratégias para seu uso racional. Neste estudo, objetivou-se analisar o elenco de fármacos da Relação ...Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais (Rename) do ano de 2013 quanto aos critérios de essencialidade e de racionalidade. O conjunto de fármacos da Rename foi comparado à 18ª lista modelo de medicamentos essenciais (EML) da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) para a verificação de sua essencialidade. Os fármacos presentes na Rename, mas inexistentes na EML, foram avaliados quanto à racionalidade utilizando-se a classificação descrita em La revue Prescrire para detectar aqueles sem valor terapêutico agregado. Detectou-se que a Rename possui 413 fármacos, dos quais 190 não constam na EML e 63 não apresentam valor terapêutico agregado. Além disso, foram identificadas discrepâncias entre as recomendações da OMS e a seleção de fármacos da Rename. Fármacos não essenciais e sem valor terapêutico agregado não deveriam constar em uma lista de medicamentos financiada pelos três entes federativos.
Aerobic composting is an efficient method to recover nutrients from animal manure. However, there is considerable variability in the management and maturity criteria used across studies, and a ...systematic meta-analysis focused on compost maturity is currently lacking. This study investigated the optimal range of startup parameters and practical criteria for manure composting maturity, as well as the effectiveness of in situ technologies in enhancing composting maturity.
Most maturity indexes were associated with composting GI, making it an ideal tool for evaluating the maturity of manure composts. GI increased with declined final C/N and (Final C/N)/(Initial C/N) (P < 0.01), and therefore a maturity assessment standard for animal manure composting was proposed: a mature compost has a C/N ratio ≤23 and a GI ≥70, while a highly mature compost has a GI ≥90 and preferably (Final C/N)/(Initial C/N) ≤0.8. Meta-analysis demonstrated that C/N ratio regulation, microbial inoculation and adding biochar and magnesium-phosphate salts are effective strategies for improving compost maturity. Specifically, a greater reduction in the C/N ratio during the composting process is beneficial for improving the maturity of compost product. The optimal startup parameters for composting have been determined, recommending an initial C/N ratio of 20–30 and an initial pH of 6.5–8.5. An initial C/N ratio of 26 was identified as the most suitable for promoting compost degradation and microorganism activity. The present results promoted a composting strategy for producing high-quality compost.
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•A criterion for assessing the maturity of manure compost was established.•A C/N ratio of 20–30 and pH of 6.5–8.5 are recommended for manure composting.•An initial C/N ratio of 26 is the most suitable for composting maturity.•C/N ratio regulation and microbial inoculation improve maturity of manure compost.
Estresses causados por fatores bióticos e abióticos podem comprometer o desenvolvimento e a produtividade de espécies de interesse agronômico. Assim, estudos vêm sendo desenvolvidos a fim melhorar as ...condições de cultivo pela utilização de compostos benéficos, dentre os quais se encontram as vitaminas. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos da aplicação, via solo, de diferentes concentrações de tiamina e niacina sobre o desenvolvimento de plantas de mostarda crespa, cultivada entre os meses de outubro e dezembro na região de Goiânia, Goiás. Dois experimentos, ambos em delineamento de blocos casualizados, compostos por seis tratamentos definidos pela aplicação de 3 mL de solução contendo diferentes concentrações de niacina ou tiamina (0; 200; 400; 600; 800; 1000 mg L-1). Aos 45 dias após a semeadura foi avaliado o teor relativo de clorofila a, b e total, número de folhas, área foliar, massa fresca e massa seca da parte aérea. Observou-se que a aplicação de ambas as vitaminas incrementou as características biométricas área foliar, massa fresca e massa seca de plantas. O número de folhas foi incrementado com a aplicação da niacina, enquanto que os teores relativos de clorofila foram alterados pela utilização da tiamina. Concluiu-se que a aplicação de tiamina ou de niacina via solo promove incremento das características biométricas e dos teores relativos de clorofila a e total da mostarda crespa.
An intensive isolation program carried out in three replicated composting piles allowed the identification of the resident and transient components of the composting microbiome. More than 4000 ...bacterial strains were isolated, enzymatically characterized and identified by partial sequencing of their 16S rRNA gene. While microorganisms isolated under mesophilic conditions were prominent throughout the process, thermophilic stages gathered the highest total counts and spore-forming bacteria prevailed at the bio-oxidative phase of composting. Enzymatic capabilities related to the degradation of polymeric materials were exhibited by most of the isolates and as a result of these activities, more soluble compounds could be made available to the entire composting microbiota. A high proportion of isolates showed to be thermotolerant as they were detected at mesophilic and thermophilic phases. Isolated strains belonged to 187 bacterial species. Biodiversity was greater at the central stages of composting and mesophilic, thermophilic and cooling phases shared 50% of species.
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•Machine learning is usually used for compost maturity and environmental pollutants.•Artificial neural network is the most widely used in simulating composting process.•Ensemble ...models prioritize composting variables effectively.•Genetic algorithm is used to optimize compost product quality.•Further research on interpretable algorithms and algorithms combination is needed.
Aerobic composting stands as a widely-adopted method for treating organic solid waste (OSW), simultaneously producing organic fertilizers and soil amendments. This biologically-driven biochemical reaction process, however, presents challenges due to its complex non-linear metabolism and the heterogeneous nature of the solid medium. These characteristics inherently limit the simulation accuracy and efficiency optimization in aerobic composting. Recently, significant efforts have been made to simulate and control composting process parameters, as well as predicting and optimizing composting product quality. Notably, the integration of machine learning (ML) in aerobic composting of organic waste has garnered considerable attention for its applicability and predictive capability in exploring the complex non-linear relationships of organic waste composting parameters. Despite numerous studies on ML applications in OSW composting, a systematic review of research findings in this field is lacking. This study offers a systematic overview of the application level, current status, and versatility of ML in OSW composting. It spans various aspects, such as compost maturity, environmental pollutants, nutrients, moisture, heat loss, and microbial metabolism. The survey reveals that ML-intervention predominantly focuses on compost maturity and environmental pollutants, followed by nutrients, moisture, heat loss, and microbial activity. The most commonly employed predictive models and optimization algorithms are artificial neural networks (47%) and genetic algorithms (10%). These demonstrate high prediction accuracy and maximize composting efficiency in the simulation and prediction of organic waste composting, alongside regulation of key parameters. Deep neural networks and ensemble learning models prove effective in achieving superior predictive performance by selecting feature variables in compost maturity and pollutant residue prediction of organic waste composting in a simpler and more objective manner.
Composting has been traditionally considered a process in which a succession of mesophilic and thermophilic microbial populations occurs due to temperature changes. In order to deepen in this model, ...1380 bacterial and fungal strains (the entire culturable microbiota isolated from a composting process) were investigated for their ability to grow across a wide range of temperatures (20 to 60 °C). First, qualitative tests were performed to establish a thermal profile for each strain. Then, quantitative tests allowed ascertaining the extent of growth for each strain at each of the tested temperatures. The identity of the isolates enabled to position them taxonomically and permitted tracking the strains throughout the process. Results showed that 90% of the isolates were classified as thermotolerant (they grew at all tested temperatures). Only 9% and 1% of the studied strains showed to be strictly mesophilic or thermophilic, respectively. Firmicutes exhibited the greatest thermal plasticity, followed by Actinobacteria and Ascomycota. Most of the Proteobacteria and all Basidiomycota strains were also able to grow at all the assayed temperatures. Thermotolerance was clearly demonstrated among the composting microbiota, suggesting that the idea of the succession of mesophilic and thermophilic populations throughout the process might need a reassessment.
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•The temperature-driven succession of the composting microbial populations was revisited.•Thermotolerance was demonstrated for a vast majority of the composting microbiota.•Thermotolerant strains were repeatedly identified in most of the composting stages.•Firmicutes and Ascomycota accounted for the best represented thermotolerant phyla.•Thermal plasticity is a microbial reply to the ever changing composting conditions.
The rural domestic waste (RDW) compost has been widely used in agriculture and horticulture, but little is known about microplastics (MPs) in RDW composting. The current work deals with the abundance ...and characteristics of MPs in RDW composting, and the effects of composting processes on the composition of MPs. Compost samples from two RDW treatment stations were investigated, and a lab-scale experiment was carried out to verify the possible release of MPs from macroplastics (>25 mm) contained in the RDW during composting. MPs were identified using stereo-microscope and μ-FTIR. The average abundance of MPs (0.05–5 mm) in the RDW compost products was 2400 ± 358 items/kg (dry weight), and the main MPs shapes were fibers and films. Polyester, polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) were the most common polymer types. MPs having a size <1 mm accounted for more than 50% of the total quantity. With the progress of composting, the proportion of MPs having size <1 mm increased, and more foam MPs were observed in the late stage of composting. Under the influence of mechanical force, oxidation and biodegradation, a piece of expanded polystyrene (EPS), PP and PE macroplastic could release 4–63 MPs particles during the composting. Thus, the RDW compost was a significant source of MPs in soils, and the MPs in compost products were closely related to the quantity and type of plastic waste present in RDW, which helped to suggest better MPs control strategies.
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•The compost of rural domestic waste (RDW) was a source of soil microplastics (MPs).•The average abundance of MPs in the compost product of RDW was 2400 ± 358 n/kgdw.•The abundance and composition of MPs were different before and after composting.•Macroplastics (>25 mm) contained in RDW released MPs during composting.
The compost from rural domestic waste was the source of soil MPs, and the abundance and characteristics of MPs changed during the composting process.
•Data base of 17 composting plants, 8 years, more than 2000 registers.•Biowaste, green waste, compost, refuse and improper material mass assessment.•Data-base indicators can help to assess composting ...efficiency of industrial plants.•Influence of size and technology in plant efficiency and compost quality.
This study aims to assess composting efficiency and quality of compost through the study of the parameters of the Catalan Waste Agency (ARC) data-base by developing indicators useful for industrial sector. The study includes 17 composting plants for an 8-years period (2010–2017), the quantities of materials treated and generated in these plants: biowaste, yard trimmings, refuse and compost, as well as chemical characterization of compost: moisture, total organic matter, organic nitrogen, pH, electrical conductivity, self-heating test, pollutants and ammonium. Plant were sorted into 4 size classes depending on size capacity and into 4 technologies employed during thermophilic phase.
Different indicators were developed related to improper fraction content, yard trimmings ratio, mass losses, compost production, refuse generation and plant saturation. The main average results indicate that improper fraction is 10%, process losses 68%, refuse generated 25% and saturation 79%. Differences were observed in size and technology; for instance, smaller plants presented lower improper content, refuse and saturation and higher losses while plants with turned windrows during decomposition presented higher improper, yard trimmings ratio and plants with vessel technology showed lower losses and higher saturation. Also, the compost quality is higher if the plant saturation and improper fraction are below 90% and 7%, respectively. The indicators were useful to assess the process and were related to the compost quality obtained.
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