The authors examine the problem of the law applicable to liability for damages due to traffic accidents involving autonomous vehicles. Existing conflict-of-laws regulation adopted in the Rome II ...Regulation and both Hague Conventions of 1971 and 1973 is criticized. Upon examination of these legal instruments, it becomes clear that existing regulation is very complex and complicated. In effect authors recommend revisions to the legal framework. Proposed solutions are balanced and take into consideration both the interests of the injured persons, as well the persons claimed to be liable. New approach allows for more individual consideration of specific cases and direct to better outcome of the disputes. The findings may be useful in handling the cases related to use of algorithms of artificial intelligence in private international law.
The last decades have been marked by the extensive Europeanisation of conflict of laws rules. Traditionally, national conflict of laws rules in Continental Europe were aimed at determining the ...closest connection between the legal relation and the putatively applicable law. This universal objective was often combined with more local objectives: the achievement of certain substantive policies of the forum through conflictual mechanisms. The Europeanisation of conflict of laws rules poses a legitimate question: do EU conflict of laws rules pursue identical or similar policies as national conflict of laws rules? The issue may be approached using different methods. One approach is inductive - the analysis of conflict of laws rules found in EU secondary law and their comparison with national conflict of laws rules. Another approach is deductive - the analysis of the Treaty basis for EU conflict of laws rules, in order to identify whether this constitutional framework prescribes certain policies that may be different from those used in national conflict of laws rules. This contribution is devoted to the second method and analyses whether the recognition clause found in Article 81 TFEU has any meaningful influence on the nature and scope of EU conflict of law rules.
The article describes the features of acceptance of the inheritance when a hereditary legal relationship goes beyond a single state. The author analyzes the legal and practical ways of accepting the ...inheritance, as well as studied as possible acceptance of the inheritance. Paying special attention to conflict of laws rules of hereditary relations. In conclusion, the author concludes that the law enforcers in the regulation of genetic relationships beyond one state, may face many challenges arising in this area.
One of the most difficult problems of application of conflict-of-laws rules in the international private law is the problem of statement and permission of a preliminary (collateral) question. This ...results from the fact that in the scientific doctrine there was no uniform understanding of the legal nature and ways of permission of a preliminary question, and lack of his fixing at the legislative level. In article the concept of a preliminary (collateral) question as legal treatment of the actual circumstances accompanying consideration of the main legal relationship reveals and also examples of those actions which need to be executed before definition of applicable law to the main legal relationship or in the course of its application are given. Permission of a preliminary question is necessary for the correct and complete idea of all actual facts of the case arising by consideration of the civil dispute complicated by a foreign element. The author reveals possible solutions of various options of a preliminary (collateral) question, in particular, by means of use of the right of the country of court (lex fori), the right of the country with which legal relationship in general (lex causae), and also the legal procedure of the national right is connected.
Les règles matérielles de droit international privé sont classiquement définies comme étant des règles qui apportent une réponse sur le fond à une question de droit international privé. Elles se ...distinguent ainsi de la traditionnelle règle de conflit de lois neutre, abstraite et bilatérale, qui se limite, dans sa forme initiale, à la désignation de l’ordre juridique dans lequel sera puisée la règle qui apportera une réponse sur le fond au litige. Cette définition montre aujourd’hui ses limites tant les méthodes du droit international privé ont évolué. Des rapprochements se sont opérés de sorte que les frontières qui délimitaient les différentes méthodes du droit international privé sont devenues plus floues, entrainant des incertitudes quant au régime juridique de ces règles. Nous avons tenté, à travers l’étude de la physionomie des règles matérielles de droit international privé, de proposer une définition qui prenne en compte leur spécificité mais également leur variété tout en les distinguant des méthodes voisines et, en particulier, des lois de police. Cette définition nous a conduit à un classement des règles matérielles en sous-catégories et nous amène à nous orienter vers la variabilité de leur régime juridique.
The material rules of private international law are classically defined as rules that provide substantive answers to a question of private international law. They are distinguished from the traditional conflict of laws rule which is neutral, abstract, bilateral and limited, in its initial form, to the designation of the applicable legal order. This definition shows its limits as the methods of private international law have evolved. Boundaries between the different methods became more unclear, leading to uncertainty as to the legal regime of the material rules. We have tried, through the study of material rules of private international law, to propose a definition that takes into account their specificity but also their variety while distinguishing them from neighboring methods and, in particular, police laws. This definition has led us to a classification of material rules and to the conclusion that their legal regime should depend of the particular subcategory they belong to.
Uredba
(EZ) br. 864/2007 Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća od 11. srpnja 2007. o pravu
koje se primjenjuje na izvanugovorne obveze (Uredba Rim II) sadržava pravila o
mjerodavnom pravu za izvanugovorne ...obveze i jedan je od najvažnijih izvora
europskoga međunarodnog privatnog prava. Zbog nemogućnosti pronalaska
kompromisa u vezi s odgovarajućom poveznicom za povrede prava osobnosti u
zakonodavnom postupku donošenja Uredbe Rim II europski zakonodavac odlučio je
isključiti povrede prava osobnosti iz polja primjene Uredbe Rim II. Budući da
to pitanje nije uređeno relevantnim izvorom europskoga međunarodnog privatnog
prava, sudovi svake države članice EU-a primjenjuju nacionalna kolizijska
pravila. U Republici Hrvatskoj krajem 2017. godine donesen je novi Zakon o
međunarodnom privatnom pravu koji je na snagu stupio u siječnju 2019. godine.
Hrvatski je zakonodavac u novom Zakonu odlučio proširiti primjenu Uredbe Rim II
i na ona pitanja koja su isključena iz njezina polja primjene, što za
posljedicu ima činjenicu da će se na hrvatskim sudovima pravo mjerodavno za
povrede prava osobnosti određivati prema općoj odredbi Uredbe Rim II koja se
temelji na poveznici mjesta nastanka izravne štete. Iz navedenoga razvidan je
utjecaj europskoga prava na hrvatsko međunarodno privatno pravo, ne samo u
slučajevima koji ulaze u polje primjene izvora europskoga međunarodnog
privatnog prava nego i u slučajevima koji samim tim izvorima nisu pokriveni.
Cilj je ovoga rada ispitati je li pristup prihvaćen u novom Zakonu o
međunarodnom privatnom pravu najbolji izbor za slučajeve povrede prava
osobnosti, posebice imajući u vidu polemike koje su se vodile oko adekvatnosti
poveznice mjesta nastanka štete za predmete povrede prava osobnosti tijekom
zakonodavnog postupka donošenja Uredbe Rim II.
Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 on the law applicable to
non-contractual obligations (Rome II Regulation), containing rules on
applicable law for non-contractual obligations, is one of the most important
sources of European private international law. Due to the inability of finding
a compromise on the appropriate connecting factor for personality rights
violations in the legislative procedure of enacting the Rome II Regulation, the
European legislator decided to exclude violations of personality rights from
the Rome II Regulation ambit. Since this issue is not governed by a relevant EU
private international law source, courts of each EU Member State apply national
conflict of laws rules. At the end of 2017, the new Private International Law
Act was enacted in the Republic of Croatia and entered into force in January
2019. In the new PIL Act, the Croatian legislator decided to extend the
application of the Rome II Regulation even to those issues which are excluded
from its scope of application. The consequence of this approach is the fact
that the law applicable to personality rights violations before Croatian courts
will be determined based on Rome II general rule, i.e. the place of occurrence
of the direct damage as a connecting factor. The latter demonstrates the
influence of European law on Croatian private international law, not only in
cases covered by the EU private international law sources, but also those
falling outside of their scope. The aim of this paper is to analyze whether the
approach accepted in the new PIL Act is the most appropriate one for violations
of personality rights, particularly considering the controversy regarding the
appropriateness of the place of occurrence of damage as the connecting factor
during Rome II legislative procedure.
The paper examines the Croatian case law where the 1971 Hague Convention on Traffic Accidents has been applied. Some relatively recent cases show that the Croatian Supreme Court applied the general ...conflict-of-laws rule on determining the law applicable to the non-contractual obligation of the Croatian Private International Law Act where it should have applied the 1971 Hague Convention. The most recent decisions from 2009 and 2013 indicate that, even after more than 40 years of application, the problem of basic understanding of the sources of private international law still exists. On the other hand, there are a number of decisions where the 1971 Hague Convention has been applied and in which some issues repeatedly arise. Most of them relate either to the application of Article 8 of the Hague Convention dealing with the scope of the applicable law or application of Article 4 of the Convention providing for exceptions to the main rule of the lex loci delicti commissi found in Article 3 of the Convention. The problematic decisions fall into the category of decisions applying the exceptions under Article 4 of the Convention. The decisions in which the court has applied Article 8 of the Convention show that Croatian courts have recognized the idea behind the provision (as explained in the Essén explanatory report), which was to give as wide a scope as possible to the applicable law.
U radu se analizira praksa hrvatskih sudova o primjeni Haške konvencije o pravu mjerodavnom za prometne nezgode na cestama iz 1971. U relativno recentnoj sudskoj praksi Vrhovnog suda opće kolizijsko ...pravilo za izvanugovornu odgovornost za štetu primjenjuje se umjesto Kon- vencije. Riječ je o presudama iz 2009. i 2013. godine koje ukazuju na to da čak i nakon 40 godi- na primjene postoji problem pri osnovnom razumijevanju izvora međunarodnog privatnog prava. Ipak, postoji niz odluka u kojima je Haška konvencije iz 1971 primijenjena. U toj praksi često su prisutna slična pravna pitanja. Većina njih se odnosi na primjenu članka 8. Konvencije koji uređuje polje primjene mjerodavnog prava ili na primjenu članka 4. Konvencije koji prop- isuje iznimku od glavnog pravila iz članka 3. Konvencije kojim se propisuje primjena lex loci delicti commissi. Problematična praksa odnosi se na primjenu iznimke iz članka 4. Konvencije. S druge strane, odluke u kojima se primjenjuje članak 8. Konvencije ukazuju na to da su hr- vatski sudovi prepoznali ideju iza te odredbe kako je objašnjena u Essén izvješću, a to je vrlo široko polje primjene mjerodavnog prava na koje upućuje Konvencije.
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