En este trabajo se pretende determinar si los principios del derecho penal se aplican al derecho disciplinario en el marco del empleo público nacional. Para ello, en primer lugar, analizaremos la ...potestad disciplinaria y la categorización del vínculo del empleado público con la Administración pública como “relación de especial sujeción”, en la medida en que con esta clasificación ocasionalmente se pretende limitar la aplicabilidad de los mencionados principios al ámbito disciplinario. Determinado ello, nos centraremos en el estudio de las distintas posturas esbozadas al respecto –negatorias, afirmativas e intermedias–, junto con el análisis de la recepción normativa de los mencionados principios. Luego, analizaremos los principios más relevantes en la materia, a saber: el derecho de defensa, el proceso adjetivo y la tutela judicial efectiva; la legalidad y, en particular, sus manifestaciones: reserva de ley, tipicidad, irretroactividad y ley penal más benigna, además de los principios de razonabilidad, proporcionalidad y el exceso de punición; non bis in idem; culpabilidad y prescripción. Así, basándonos en el análisis particular de todos y cada uno de ellos, podremos arribar a una conclusión fundada respecto a si los referidos principios son aplicables en el ámbito disciplinario y en qué medida. En tal sentido, adelantando la conclusión a la que arribaremos, entiendo que toda vez que actualmente se encuentran consagrados en la Constitución nacional, la Ley 25164 Marco de Regulación del Empleo Público Nacional y/o la Ley nacional 19549 de Procedimientos Administrativos, no cabe negar su aplicación al ámbito disciplinario, por lo que pierden sustento las posturas negatorias de todos o algunos de los referidos principios, corriéndose la discusión al alcance de su aplicabilidad, todo lo cual será examinado seguidamente.
The Constitution of India guarantees that justice shall be delivered to all. The duty to ensure that justice delivery is accessible to all is entrusted to state bodies. The legislature is expected to ...ensure that the legal framework is there, the executive is expected to ensure that all infrastructural needs of the justice delivery system are in place, and the judiciary is expected to ensure that justice is delivered in their area. This paper deals with the issue of delivery of victim justice, with a special focus on compensatory mechanisms laid down under the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973. The Code empowers the courts to award compensation to the victim of a crime to ensure his/her rehabilitation. In light of the observations made by the Supreme Court of India that the trial court judges do not exercise their discretionary power under the relevant statutory provisions to award compensation to the victims of a crime, this paper explores the extent of such failure and the reasons behind it.
In Mexico for more than three decades, both constitutional and legislative reforms have been developed with a tendency to have a prima facie recognition of human rights. However, in parallel there is ...a complex regulatory framework that has allowed the overexploitation of natural resources, causing an increasingly noticeable, profound and seemingly incorrigible destruction. Therefore, from a comparative constitutionalist perspective, we propose a system of guarantees that tends to effectively protect the collective and environmental rights, thereby ensuring a sustainable future for all the inhabitants of mother earth.
En México desde hace más de tres decadas se han desarrollado reformas tanto constitucionales como legislativas que tienden prima facie al reconocimiento de los derechos humanos; no obstante, paralelamente existe un complejo marco normativo que ha permitido la sobreexplotación de los recursos naturales, ocasionando una destrucción cada vez más notoria, profunda y aparentemente incorregible. Por ello, desde una perspectiva constitucionalista comparada, proponemos un sistema de garantías que tienda a la protección efectiva de los derechos colectivos y ambientales, asegurando con ello un futuro sostenible para todos los habitantes de la madre tierra.
Ecuador is immersed in a neoliberal model of exclusion, which imposes challenges for the law in general and an inexorable and specific response from constitutional law and the development of its ...political guarantees. In the first place, the paradigm shift is reflected in terms of the effects deployed by a neoliberal society. Subsequently, the constitutional guarantees are analyzed in a qualitative manner, specifically the political guarantees, since these are the ones that are responsible for limiting the abuse of power and preventing the advance of authoritarian policies and ideologies that conceal forms of exclusion. Finally, once the effects of neoliberal ideology and the way of counteracting them through a system of constitutional political guarantees are studied, a response applicable to Ecuador is elaborated. In this way, a public policy of harm reduction is formulated, applicable to Ecuador and appropriate to its constitutional legal order.
Ecuador se encuentra sumido en un modelo neoliberal de exclusión, que impone retos para el Derecho en general y una respuesta inexorable y específica desde el Derecho constitucional y el desarrollo de sus garantías políticas. En primer lugar, se refleja el cambio de paradigma en cuanto a los efectos desplegados por una sociedad neoliberal. Posteriormente se analiza de manera cualitativa las garantías constitucionales, específicamente las garantías políticas, pues son éstas y no otras las encargadas de limitar el abuso de poder e impedir el avance de políticas autoritarias y de ideologías que encubren formas de exclusión. Por último, una vez estudiados los efectos que trae consigo la ideología neoliberal y la manera de contrarrestarlos a través de un sistema de garantías políticas constitucionales, se elabora una respuesta aplicable al Ecuador. De este modo, se formula una Política pública de reducción de daños, aplicable al Ecuador y adecuada a su ordenamiento jurídico constitucional.
The article is devoted to the analysis of constitutional support of entrepreneurship legality in Ukraine and its functional purpose in the current conditions. The modern state of the constitutional ...instruments of government support of entrepreneurship in Ukraine is analyzed in its entirety; available accounting modes related to the official registration of natural and legal entities as economic agents as well as the prescription of regulatory requirements for conducting business in Ukraine are characterized. The authors formulate own view of the concept “entrepreneurship legality in Ukraine” taking into account modern development trends in business relations and objective necessity of their regulation through the constitutional means. Scholarly approaches to the definition of the concept “legal support of entrepreneurship” are studied. The paper proves that entrepreneurship faces the challenges, and sometimes it is impossible to solve the problems of local, regional, nationwide and global level, which evolve under the influence of non-market factors, independently. In order to resolve the above problems, it is essential to involve the state and provide conformity of the adopted policy in the business sector. The key impact factors and roadmap for further development of entrepreneurial activity are defined. The paper highlights the blocks of regulatory legal acts. Certain components of the constitutional support, which will have a favorable effect on entrepreneurial activity, are identified. The article generalizes the ways for improvement of the constitutional support of a business activity that further form four specific measures on effective and overall legal support of the entrepreneurial activity.
The legislator of the Civil Procedure Code of 2015, attentive to the contours of contemporary society, introduced in the Brazilian system mechanisms of greater adequacy for the treatment of the ...current conflicts. Among them, procedural flexibility deserves special emphasis, developed from the perspective that the previous formal rigidity in the conduction of the process was no longer able to deal with the new demands, and the cooperative process, characterized by the new dimensioning of the judge‟s performance and his relationship with the parties. The present article is directed to the analysis of these mechanisms and their compatibility with the other process fundamental guarantees.
Set in a constitutional context, the procedure should be an effective instrument for the guarantee and realization of rights. Attentive to the needs imposed by the state of Law, the new Civil ...Procedure Code, approved this year, 2 015, seeks to settle several constitutional guarantees, for the purpose of making the procedure more effective. From the inclusion of collaborative institutes, the new Civil Procedure C ode introduces the concept of self-composition and cooperation of procedural agents to achieve, timely, effective jurisdictional tutelage.
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