Nitrogen controlled atmosphere (N-CA) was widely used to keep grains from pest infestation. However, there was few studies on the grain quality changes during re-aeration after N-CA storage, i.e. ...N2-re-aeration storage (NRAS). In this paper, quality changes of two varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) during NRAS was investigated. Moreover, a non-targeted metabolomics approach was employed to reveal the mechanisms of rice quality changes after NRAS. Compared with rice in conventional storage (CS), fatty acid values (FAVs) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of rice showed slower increase rates in NRAS before re-aeration (0–60 days), while displayed faster increase rates after reaeration (60–150 days). And NRAS had no obvious effect on pasting and texture properties of rice. Additionally, metabolisms that are sensitive to changes in storage atmosphere are screened out, such as glycine, 4-aminobutyric acid, gluconic acid, sorbitol, γ-linolenic acid and stearidonic acid. This work provided a new insight into the mechanisms of rice quality changes after NRAS and helped reserve corporation develop storage policy for rice storage.
•The quality changes of rice during NRAS were studied for the first time.•FAVs and MDA contents of rice showed faster increase rates than CS after re-aeration.•Re-aeration had no obvious effect on pasting and texture properties of rice.•AntiOxidant-related metabolites significantly down-regulated after re-aeration.•The resistance of the rice to oxidative stress was weakened after re-aeration.
This research investigates the impact of storage conditions on the quality and preservation of 'Shalimar' apples, a relatively new cultivar known for its resistance to apple scab and powdery mildew. ...The study explores the efficacy of different storage techniques such as regular atmosphere (RA), controlled atmosphere (CA), and dynamic controlled atmosphere with CO
Monitoring (DCA-CD), as well as the integration of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) at different storage temperatures (1 °C and 3 °C). Various fruit quality parameters were monitored under different storage conditions, including firmness, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, background color, respiration, ethylene production, and volatile compounds. The results indicate that the controlled atmosphere (CA) at 1 °C emerges as an efficient method for long-term storage. However, it is noted that CA storage may impact the apple aroma, emphasizing the need for a balance between preservation and consumer acceptability. On the other hand, DCA-CD at variable temperatures (approximately 2.5 °C) offers a promising approach for maintaining fruit quality and a higher concentration of volatile compounds. Integrating 1-MCP enhances firmness, but its impact varies across storage conditions. Principal component analysis (PCA) provides insights into the relationships between storage conditions, fruit quality, and volatile compounds. This study contributes valuable insights into optimizing storage strategies for 'Shalimar' apples, addressing sustainability and quality preservation in apple production.
Since organic rice storage silos were faced with an insect problem, an owner solved this problem using the expert system (ES) in the controlled atmosphere process (CAP) under the required standard, ...fumigating insects with an N2, reducing O2 concentration to less than 2% for 21 days. This article presents the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) assisted ES successfully solved this problem. First, CFD was employed to determine the gas flow pattern, O2 concentration, proper operating conditions, and a correction factor (K) of silos. As expected, CFD results were consistent with the experimental results and theory, assuring the CFD’s credibility. Significantly, CFD results revealed that the ES controlled N2 distribution throughout the silos and effectively reduced O2 concentration to meet the requirement. Next, the ES was developed based on the inference engine assisted by CFD results and the sweep-through purging principle, and it was implemented in the CAP. Last, the experiments evaluated CAP’s efficacy in controlling O2 concentration and insect extermination in the actual silos. The experimental results and owner’s feedback confirmed the excellent efficacy of ES implementation; therefore, the CAP is effective and practical. The novel aspect of this research is a CFD methodology to create the inference engine and the ES.
This study led in the pioneering technique incubated in a bioreactor with the forced air injection system. The purpose of this study was to establish the optimal incubation conditions for this ...technique. The results showed that the speed at which
Inonotus obliquus
was incubated with the forced air injection system was superior to that with a normal bioreactor. A nitrogen to oxygen ratio of 50:50 provided the best results with the forced air injection system, including in terms of the achievement of biomass, total triterpenes, betulinic acid content, and the scavenging activities of DPPH radicals, which reached up to 21.3 g/1000 mL, 2.1 g/1000 mL, 1.9 g/1000 mL, and 87.3%, respectively. The results showed that the bioreactor with the forced air injection system could more effectively incubate
I. obliquus
by using less vapor while still utilizing a model close to that of a traditional bioreactor. The innovative bioreactor fermentation model was thus more economical than the traditional bioreactor model.
In the Li2O–Ta2O5–TiO2 system, Li1+x−yTa1−x−3yTix+4yO3 (0.14 ≤ x ≤ 0.175, 0.04 ≤ y ≤ 0.175) forms a superstructure by periodical insertion of an intergrowth layer in a matrix having a trigonal ...structure. In this study, to apply this unique structure as a host material of phosphor, new phosphors with a red emission color were synthesized by doping Mn4+ ion. The phosphor emitted at around 685 nm excited by 493 nm. The photoluminescence (PL) intensity closely related to the ratio of Mn4+/Mn3+ ion because the ratio changed by sintering temperature and/or Ti content in the matrix. The relationship between PL intensity and crystal structure was investigated using X-ray diffraction, a transmission electron microscope, and X-ray absorption fine structure.
Tecia solanivora is a quarantine organism regarded as one of the insect pests causing major economic losses during potato cultivation and storage in Central America. The potatoes trade between ...countries, the interest in introducing new potato varieties, the great adaptability of the insect to different agro-ecological conditions, and the globalization world are serious risks in other potato growing countries. This pest was first recorded in Europe in the Canary Islands, Spain, in 1999, later in Galicia (2015) and then in Asturias (2016). Unfortunately, there are no effective chemical treatments for field control, and their integrated management has variable efficacy. Therefore, the implementation of a postharvest treatment to eradicate the insect, at any stage, during storage and marketing of potato becomes essential to achieve a product free of the insect that prevents its dissemination while maintaining the quality during its commercialization. This article presents the development of a new postharvest treatment of potatoes to eliminate all developmental stages of the Guatemalan moth by the application of a control atmosphere enriched in carbon dioxide. Infested potatoes were exposed to different control atmospheres combination (10, 20, 30, 40, or 50% CO2, 20% O2, and rest of N2). These treatments were applied for 4, 7, and 10 days at 18 ± 2 °C. The 10 days duration treatment (30 ± 2% CO2, 20 ± 2% O2 and 50 ± 2% N2) killed the insect in the semi and commercial trials performed without affecting potatoes quality and postharvest life, giving the possibility of its consideration as a quarantine postharvest treatment against T. solanivora.
Purpose
In Taiwan, an estimated 200 thousand tons of spent mushroom substrates were produced annually for growing mushrooms. With the aim of identifying the best production conditions of the fruiting ...body with the spent substrates.
Methods
The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of production of
Inonotus obliquus
by solid state fermentation (SSF), using spent mushroom substrate with controlled atmosphere and adding corn and rice grain and birch and mulberry powder.
Results
The results of this study revealed two major trends. First, the SSF process in a controlled atmosphere with corn grain and mulberry powder added can substantially increase the bioactive ingredient content of the fruiting body even with spent substrate. Second, the contents of heavy metals were plunged to average 6.4% than the ones of fresh sawdust substrate after two round of fermentation with
I. obliquus
. Overall, the best results were achieved when spent substrate with corn grain and 10% mulberry powder, and the process was carried out in a controlled atmosphere, with the betulinic acid content, polysaccharide content, and DPPH radical scavenging potential being 1.03 mg/g, 29.3 mg/g, and 94.3%, respectively.
Conclusions
These findings demonstrated the bioactive ingredient content of the fruiting body obtained via SSF with spent substrate and controlled atmosphere treatment can be increased. This innovation ventilation fermentation model with spent substrate was more economic by conservation of the usage of timber. The dramatically decreased trends of heavy metal of substrates and fruit bodies was lead to safety of ingestion of mushrooms.
Graphic Abstract
The innovation ventilation fermentation model with spent substrate of
Inonotus obliquus
O consumo de espigas de milho verde com endosperma normal é tradicional, no Brasil, e a sua comercialização in natura é cada vez maior no mercado de produtos minimamente processados, mostrando a ...necessidade de mais estudos a respeito de sua vida útil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de duas atmosferas controladas (2% O2 + 8% CO2, 4% O2 + 8% CO2) e atmosfera ambiente, na qualidade de milho verde, do tipo normal Embrapa HT1, minimamente processado, durante 12 dias de armazenamento, a 5 °C. As atmosferas controladas foram eficientes em reduzir a perda de massa das espigas de milho, apresentando também menores valores de acidez titulável, o que indica menor atividade respiratória. Os sólidos solúveis, os carotenoides totais, a zeaxantina, a firmeza e os teores de glicose, frutose e sacarose foram influenciados somente pelo tempo de armazenamento, com maiores teores de açúcares redutores em relação aos da sacarose durante todo o armazenamento. O valor L* apresentou decréscimo até o oitavo dia de armazenamento, em todas as atmosferas estudadas, com pequeno aumento no controle até o 12º dia. Todas as amostras analisadas, independentemente das atmosferas de conservação, encontravam-se dentro dos limites microbiológicos aceitáveis e seguros para consumo.
'Maluma' is an early 'Hass'-like avocado (Persia amerericana Mill.) cultivar originating from the Limpopo province, South Africa. The quality of ‘Maluma’ fruit is generally acceptable, but it is ...susceptible to a type of 'vascular staining' disorder. The vascular staining occurs in the flesh as dark red speckles or distinctive red streaks adjacent to the vascular tissue and develops during ripening. A project was designed to establish the causes of the disorder and to formulate appropriate harvest and storage protocols. The project consisted of two studies. The first study concerned a longitudinal survey during which fruits were sampled from three orchards in the Nelspruit region on a two weekly basis and ripened directly. Maturity at harvest, as well as the incidence and the intensity of vascular staining upon ripening were determined. The average dry mass content at the first sampling was 20% in all orchards and it increased to 30% during the last sampling. Vascular staining was recorded in fruits from all three ‘Maluma’ orchards. However, incidence and the intensity of the disorder significantly decreased as the fruit matured. From the results it is recommended that the ‘Maluma’ cultivar only be harvested when a moisture content of 77% (23% dry mass) is reached. The second study involved the use of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and controlled atmosphere (CA) to combat the disorder. A 1-MCP application of 300 ppb was shown to effectively reduce the incidence and intensity of the disorder.
Mycotoxins are naturally occurring substances produced by fungi as secondary metabolites (Ingle et al. 2009). Many of these toxins are pathogenic to human beings and animals. It is estimated that ...more than 300 mycotoxins are produced by 350 species of fungi (Ingle et al. 2009). The trichothecene mycotoxins are a chemically related family of compounds that are produced by different species of Fusarium. Species of the genus Fusarium are common plant pathogens occurring worldwide, mainly associated with cereal crops. Fusarium species can produce over 100 secondary metabolites, some of which can unfavorably affect human and animal health due to their immunosuppressive effects (Rabodonirina et al. 1994). The most important Fusarium mycotoxins, which can frequently occur at biologically significant concentrations in cereals, are fumonisins, zearalenone and trichothecenes deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and T-2 toxin. These compounds can occur naturally in cereals (Girish and Goyal 1986), either individually or as specific clusters of two or more of them, depending on the producing fungal species (or strain); of these, T-2 toxin and DON are of special importance, because these are causative agents in a variety of animal diseases and have been associated with human diseases. Wheat and barley are mainly subjected to contamination of T-2 toxin and related trichothecenes. The major Fusarium species producing these mycotoxins are F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. avenaceum, F. acuminatum, F. poae, F. solani, F. sporotrichioides, F. tricinctum and F. scripi, etc. F. sporotrichioides and F. graminearum are known to produce T-2 toxin and DON respectively (Ueno et al. 1975; Edwards 2004).
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