Microalgae are a crucial part in many aquaculture feed applications processes, mainly in hatcheries. Many aquaculture hatcheries maintain a small scale microalgae production facility in-house for the ...production of live feed. Microalgae are usually grown in non-automated bubble-column systems at unknown production costs. Other reactor systems or scenarios utilizing artificial light or sunlight and at different scales could result in a more cost efficient production processes. To determine the cost-price and cost-distribution of microalgae production facilities in Dutch aquaculture industry and identify the most efficient cost reducing strategies a techno-economic analysis for small scale microalgae production facilities (25-1500 m2) was developed. Commercially available reactors commonly used in aquaculture were compared; tubular photobioreactors (TPBR) and bubble-columns (BC) in two placement possibilities; using artificial light in an indoor facility (AL) and utilizing sunlight in a greenhouse (GH) under Dutch climate conditions. Data from commercial microalgae facilities in the Netherlands are used to model reference scenarios describing the cost price of microalgae production with state of the art technology in aquaculture for a biomass production capacity of 125 kg year−1. The reference cost price for algae biomass (on the basis of dry matter) is calculated at €290,- kg−1 and € 329 kg−1 for tubular reactors under artificial light and a greenhouse, respectively and €587,- kg−1 and €573 kg−1 for bubble-columns under artificial light and a greenhouse, respectively. The addition of more artificial light will significantly reduce production costs (by 33%) in all small-scale systems modelled. Biomass yield on light (Yx,ph) showed the largest effect on cost price when not considering a different scale of the production process. Process parameters like temperature control should be aimed at optimizing Yx,ph rather than other forms of cost reduction. The scale of a microalgae production facility has a very large impact on the cost price. With state of the art technologies a cost price reduction of 92% could be achieved by changing the scale from 25m2 to 1500m2, resulting in a cost price of €43,- kg−1, producing 3992 kg year−1 for tubular reactors in a greenhouse. The presented techno-economic model gives valuable insights in the cost price distribution of microalgae production in aquaculture. This allows to focus research efforts towards the most promising cost reduction methods and to optimize existing production facilities in aquaculture companies to achieve economically sustainable microalgae production for live feed in hatcheries.
•A techno-economic model for the cost price of small scale microalgae production in aquaculture hatcheries was developed.•The production cost of live microalgae for feed in aquaculture hatcheries was calculated at €300-600 kg-1 biomass.•Improving the biomass yield on light and biomass production rate are promising cost reduction strategies at small scale.•Cost price reductions of 60-80% can be achieved with state of art production systems at larger production facilities.
The minimum wage policy should take into account production costs of enterprises and welfare benefits of families. This paper describes the pass-through process of the minimum wage costs in the ...enterprise sector and the household sector by building a theoretical model, investigates the impact of the minimum wage adjustment on urban household consumption utility and its price pass-through mechanism from the perspective of living costs based on several sets of databases, such as household survey, supermarket prices and industrial enterprises for the first time, and further estimates the net welfare changes including income compensation and consumption utility loss. The findings of the study are as below: (1) The price transfer behavior of enterprises is the main cause of the loss of household consumption utility. The average wage level and labor costs of enterprises rise with the increase of minimum wages. Both the cost-price pass-through elasticity estimated based on the theoretical model and the minimum wage price elasticity coefficient obtained by empirical estimation show that the price transfer behavior of enterprises leads to the rise of final consumer prices; (2) With a 10% increase in minimum wages, the overall household living costs increase by 2.47%–6.76%, and the economic living costs increase by about 122–334 yuan per quarter, among which the living costs are most affected in terms of food, shoes and clothing; (3) Under the combined effect of income compensation and consumption utility loss, the bottom 20% of households and middle 60% of households will get 658 yuan and 469–556 yuan per quarter, respectively. The findings of this paper are conducive to improving the supporting minimum wage policy by taking a number of measures simultaneously, so as to provide a path reference for promoting the realization of Chinese modernization and expanding domestic demand for common prosperity for all.
•The optimal surface heating and droplet injection for wet steam have been obtained.•Kinetic energy, erosion, wetness, loss, and cost are considered objective functions.•The optimal case indicates an ...increase in the kinetic energy ratio by 8.68 %.•In the optimal case, erosion is reduced by 14.17 %, wetness by 2.8 %, and loss by 0.91 %.
In the last stages of the steam turbine, due to the reduction in pressure, the inlet flow is accompanied by droplets. The innovation in this study pertains to determining the optimal amount of surface heating (SH) and wetness at the inlet (WAI) using the TOPSIS method for the turbine blade cascade. In this context, three conditions have been simulated: WAI (wetness at the inlet), SH (surface heating), and simultaneously with WAI and SH. The kinetic energy ratio (KER), erosion rate ratio (ERR), wetness fraction ratio (WFR), condensation loss ratio (CLR), and cost price (CP) are considered objective functions. Navier–Stokes equations coupled with nucleation and droplet growth equations are obtained together by applying SSTk−ω. Numerical method validation is conducted with Bakhtar's data. Finally, case 1-B is proposed as the optimal case. In this case, the SH is equal to 180 (kWm2) and the average wetness fraction is equal to 1 %. The comparison of the optimal case with the original case indicates that the kinetic energy ratio is increased by 8.68 %, the erosion rate ratio is reduced by 14.17 %, the wetness fraction ratio is reduced by 2.8 %, and the condensation loss ratio is decreased 0.91 %.
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The
need
to account for cost price occupies an important place in the enterprise management system. One of the important tasks of accounting for cost price is to control the cost of production. The ...cost price includes the total costs necessary for the enterprise to carry out production and commercial activities related to the production and sale of products, that is, everything that the enterprise costs to produce and sell products.
To
determine
the
economic
benefits
of selling the company’s finished products, it is necessary to know the final cost of the proposed contract. The amount of profit directly depends on the correctness of setting the sales price of products. This article discusses the assessment of the economic effect when modeling various contract positions based on the cost price of the enterprise, which will allow you to quickly solve production issues.
The
source
data
is
information
stored
in the SAP ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning System) system: materials, component lists, component standards, etc. The source data processing and analysis system is SAP BI (Business Intelligence). To display the final result, we use a program designed for working with Microsoft Excel spreadsheets.
In deregulated power systems, reactive power ancillary service through electricity market is becoming relevant where private generation companies participate in maintaining system wide bus voltage ...within the permissible limits. Marginal cost price (MCP) based real time reactive power ancillary service market faces several challenges due to the localized nature of reactive power. In this paper, a market mechanism for real time reactive power ancillary service market based on Stackelberg game model is proposed considering voltage-apparent power coupled subsystems. In the proposed Stackelberg game model, Independent System Operator (ISO) is considered as the leader, and GENCOs as followers. In the formulation, each GENCO is associated with a relevance factor in the partitioned subsystem so as to consider the real time voltage support requirement in the system. The market is then formulated as Mathematical Program with Equilibrium Constraints problem (MPEC). Existence of equilibrium, incentive compatibility, and individual rationality of the proposed market mechanism is then analysed in this work. The numerical examples are illustrated in PJM 5-bus system, and tested on IEEE 30- bus system, and Nordic 32 Bus-system. The mechanism induces truth-telling behavior of GENCOs, yields a non-negative profit, and the system wide bus voltage is improved.
Under the background of digitalization and green development concept, exploring the road of manufacturing power is an important hand to promote the high-quality development of economy. The article ...constructs a triple difference model based on the list of emission-control enterprises of carbon emissions trading mechanism and China's pilot cities of supply chain innovation and application, and empirically investigates the impact of policy synergies of carbon emissions trading mechanism and supply chain digitization on the competitiveness of manufacturing enterprises by using the data of listed companies in the manufacturing industry from 2010 to 2022. The results show that the policy synergy effect of carbon emissions trading mechanism and supply chain digitization can improve the competitiveness of manufacturing enterprises. The impact mechanism test shows that the policy synergy effect of carbon emissions trading and supply chain digitization can enhance the competitiveness of manufacturing enterprises by alleviating the degree of cost-price incomplete transmission, promoting technological innovation, and improving the efficiency of resource allocation in the manufacturing industry. The direct impact of product quality on carbon emissions trading mechanism and supply chain digitization has a "U"-shaped moderating effect, when product quality is below the bottleneck of 0.418, exacerbating the fluctuation of production costs of enterprises, carbon emissions trading mechanism and supply chain digitization will have an inhibitory effect on the competitiveness of manufacturing enterprises. The conclusion confirms that the policy synergy effect of carbon emissions trading mechanism and supply chain digitization can promote manufacturing enterprises to improve competitiveness. However, manufacturing enterprises should pay attention to product quality, and if product quality is not dominant, carbon quota constraints and supply chain digitization will likewise inhibit the competitiveness of manufacturing enterprises. This study provides important policy insights for countries to actively promote the construction of carbon emissions trading mechanisms and stimulate the momentum of digitalization and high-quality transformation of manufacturing industries.
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•Carbon trading and supply chain digitalization can boost manufacturing firms' competitiveness.•Cost Transmission, Technological Innovation and Resource Allocation as Impact Mechanisms.•Product quality has a U-shaped moderating effect with an inflection point of 0.418.•Revealing complex policy interaction effects using triple difference models.•Provide a basis for manufacturing firms to develop strategies to improve their competitiveness.
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