The cultivation of red clover for fodder purposes on typical low-humus chernozems of the northern part of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine is profitable. Regardless of the technology ...components, it provides a net profit of UAH 14,962-23,743 per hectare with a profitability of 88-259% and a cost of 1 ton of feed units of UAH 1,415-2,662 and raw protein of UAH 5,363-10,265, a payback of energy costs in terms of gross energy (EER) yield per hectare of 6.2-9.0 and metabolisable energy (BER) yield per hectare of 3.2-4.6, with energy costs per 1 ton of feed units of 2.86-4.20 GJ. The purpose of the study was to determine changes in the economic and energy efficiency of growing different varieties of red clover for fodder purposes depending on the methods of sowing, seed inoculation with nodule bacteria and fertilisation. During the research, the following methods were used: field and laboratory – for conducting research in the field and laboratory conditions, analytical – to determine the chemical composition of dry biomass of red clover, calculation - to determine the indicators of economic and energy efficiency. The best rates of economic and energy efficiency of red clover cultivation are provided by the variety Typhoon when seeds are inoculated with nodule bacteria on fertiliser-free soil. The additional application of P60K90 or N60R60K90 against the background of inoculation, which is necessary to preserve soil fertility, worsens them, reducing net profit by 3,486-5,943 UAH/ha
Purpose: to identify factors contributing to the development of rice production, the efficiency of rice production, stabilization of the sector, using modern approaches based on the analysis of ...foreign and domestic economic indicators. Materials and Methods. The production and economic indicators of rice growing in Krasnodar Territory are considered. It is shown that the gross yield of rice grain in the Kuban on average is 761.8 thousand tons with an average yield of 59.9 c per ha over the past 12 years. Results: it was found that an increase in production indicators in recent years does not compensate for the costs of crop growing as the sector economics testifies. It was shown that the rice cost value exceeds 1.82–1.99 times the cost value of other crops grown in the region, this is due to the biological characteristics of rice, the specifics of its cultivation and land reclamation activities in the rice irrigation system. The dynamics of the main economic indicators of rice growing is studied. Their significant variability over the years has been stated, that indicates the recent financial instability of the industry. A close positive relationship between the price of rough rice and consumer prices for rice cereal (r = 0.96), realizable cost value (r = 0.83) and rice production costs (r = 0.82) has been shown. A high degree of rice export dependence on grain production output in the Kuban was revealed (r = 0.85). It was found that rice import is in very weak negative dependence on the price of rice corn and grain in the country's consumer market (r = –0.03 and r = –0.05, respectively), and export positively correlates with grain production (r = 0.85) and produced cereals (r = 0.55), this is a consequence of an increase in industry operational indicators. At the same time, the average negative conjugation (r = –0.48) of exports and imports characterizes the market reaction to the lack of domestic products. Conclusions: the further development of rice growing should be based not only on increasing the area of rice sowing and grain production, but also on stabilizing the economic indicators of the sector using state support measures in the agricultural and industrial complex, subsidizing production costs.
ObjectiveTo determine whether the first-line treatment using pembrolizumab plus standard chemotherapy of platinum and pemetrexed for patients with metastatic, non-squamous, non–small-cell lung cancer ...(NSCLC) is cost-effective in China.MethodsWe applied partitional survival analysis to assess the cost-effectiveness of pembrolizumab plus the cytotoxic chemotherapy (cisplatin/carboplatin and pemetrexed) in metastatic NSCLC in China. We took into account direct medical costs according to the data derived from the KEYNOTE-189 trial and literature. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was assessed as per life-year (LY) and per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY), with 3% per year discounted rate of costs and outcomes. In the performance of sensitivity analysis, cost of disease-management, utility-PFS (progression-free survival), utility-PD (progressive disease) and the discount were considered as variables. In scenario analysis, a philanthropic support programme in China was considered. The threshold was set to be $28 106/QALY (corresponding to three times the GDP in China).ResultsTreatment with pembrolizumab plus platinum and pemetrexed chemotherapy was estimated to increase cost by $139 168 compared with $73 081 (the cost of treatment with chemotherapy alone), leading to ICER of $80 444/LY and $96 644/QALY. Incremental costs/QALY are $90 419, $91 399 and $109 229 for programmed death ligand-1 TPS (tumour proportion scores) ≥50%, 1%–49% and <1% subgroups, respectively. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the price of pembrolizumab and the cost of disease-management in progressive-disease state were major variables.ConclusionIn patients with metastatic non-squamous NSCLC, pembrolizumab plus standard chemotherapy of platinum and pemetrexed as the first-line treatment is not cost-effective in China, regardless of TPS.
Battery powered electric vehicles are becoming increasingly important in the automotive industry. It is hard to decide which battery meets all the most important characteristics from different ...perspectives such as energy storage efficiency, construction characteristics, cost price, safety and service life of today’s Electric Vehicles. Investigation on different types of batteries are discussed in this paper. Among the most important components of a car is the battery. Only the stored electrical energy in the battery provides the power for BEVs which is the unique source of energy. Various types of batteries are used in electric cars depending on their systems. The lithium-ion battery is the most common electric car battery. A battery which is considered zero emission is abbreviated as ZEBRA. In this paper, we can gain knowledge over the different types of battery options available for electric vehicles, along with their characteristics.
The main results of the evaluation of the technical and economic indicators of power plants based on internal combustion engines (ICE) that are integrated into the refinery process cycle are ...considered. The statistical processing of commercial offers has been carried out, which allow to evaluate capital investments in the main power equipment. The results of the calculation for the operating conditions of the power plant on its own gas of refining showed a good investment attractiveness of the project. The calculations found that the influencing factors can be ranked in descending order of importance: the cost of electricity, the rate of discount, capital investments in the object, the fee for the power supported for the reserve from the power system. Since the generator voltage of the internal combustion engine is 0.4 kV, the economic efficiency of the proposed power plant will be higher than the considered base case and it is advisable to produce electricity supply in the factory network on the low voltage side.
The review examines the methods to evaluate the economic efficiency of various hydrogen production methods, including technologies to obtain hydrogen from natural gas (steam conversion, autothermal ...reforming, and combined methods) and other methods, currently proposed for application. A comparative analysis of the published data, studying the economics and the technical and economic indicators of hydrogen production, is carried out on the basis of modern mathematical modeling and computer data processing methods. The prospects of continuing the research in this area, especially in the development of small-scale production technologies, are noted; in the meantime, at present, natural gas can be considered as one of the most promising raw materials for hydrogen production.
As a renewable energy source, wind power is playing an increasingly important role in China's electricity supply. Meanwhile, China is also the world's largest market for clean development mechanism ...(CDM) wind power projects. Based on the data of 27 wind power projects of Inner Mongolia registered with the Executive Board of the United Nations (EB) in 2010, this paper constructs a financial model of net present value (NPV) to analyze the cost price of wind power electricity. A sensitivity analysis is then conducted to examine the impact of different variables with and without certified emission reduction (CER) income brought about by the CDM. It is concluded that the CDM, along with static investment and annual wind electricity production, is one of the most significant factors in promoting the development of wind power in China. Additionally, wind power is envisaged as a practical proposition for competing with thermal power if the appropriate actions identified in the paper are made.
•We examine the impact of CER credit income of the CDM on the wind power cost price.•Using NPV model and sensitivity analyses to study the variation in wind power cost.•Significant factors promoting development of wind power in China are identified.•We compare effects of variables with and without CER credit income by the CDM.•The wind power cost trend is predicted by considering CER credit income.
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